Facile synthesis and excellent electrochemical performance of LiMn 0.6 Fe 0.4 PO 4 /C with 3D conductive network
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Facile synthesis and excellent electrochemical performance of LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/C with 3D conductive network Weichao Tian 1 & Yi Zheng 1 & Kaicheng Zhang 1 & Xin Ren 1 & Shiyu Tian 1 & Jingrui Cao 1 & Lizhi Wen 2 & Guangchuan Liang 1,3,4 Received: 14 August 2020 / Revised: 25 August 2020 / Accepted: 31 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this paper, the LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/C with 3D conductive network was synthesized using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as complex carbon source by a simple preparation route which include combination of wet ball milling, spray drying, and carbothermal reduction. The unique conductive network result in the composite has sufficient contact with electrolyte and three-dimensional electron conduction path. SEM and TEM images indicate that the active materials were uniformly coated by amorphous carbon and CNTs. The addition of β-CD and CNTs not only restricted growth of active particle but also reduced electron conduction distance. The composite possesses superior electron conductivity (8.8 × 10−2 S cm−1) and Li+ diffusion efficiency (6.1 × 10−13 cm2 s−1) due to unique 3D conductive network. As a result, the prepared sample exhibits distinguished discharge capacity of 160.2 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and 131.7 mAh g−1 capacity even in 10 C. Keywords LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 . β-cyclodextrin . Carbon nanotubes . 3D conductive network . Electrochemical performance
Introduction Since the first reported by Goodenough team in 1997, LiFePO4 has been widely studied due to high specific theory capacity (170 mAh g−1), high thermal stability, low cost, and environmental friendliness [1–3]. Beyond the above advantages, lithium manganese phosphate (LMP) with the same olivine structure has a higher operating voltage (4.1 V vs Li+/Li), which make LMP have a higher energy density than
* Guangchuan Liang [email protected] 1
Institute of Power Source and Ecomaterials Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People’s Republic of China
2
Automobile & Rail Transportation School, Tianjin Sino-German University of Applied Sciences, Tianjin 300350, People’s Republic of China
3
Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials for Ecological Environment and Information, Hebei University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300130, People’s Republic of China
4
Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, People’s Republic of China
LFP about 20% [4]. However, it has been shown that the capacity at 4.1 V is not achieved without Fe coexisting with Mn at the octahedral 4 C site [5–7]. It is thought that the coexisting of Mn and Fe in the structure could help make the kinetic of the charge-discharge process more rapid [8, 9]. The solid-solution LiMnxFe1−xPO4 (0 < X < 1) looks promising because they operate at 3.4–4.1 V (vs Li+/Li) [10]. Generally, it is desired to increase the Mn concentration as much as possible, as well as higher energy density
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