Amorphous codoped SnS/CNTs nanocomposite with improved capacity retention as an advanced sodium-ion battery anode
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Amorphous codoped SnS/CNTs nanocomposite with improved capacity retention as an advanced sodium-ion battery anode Ahmed A. Qayyum1 · Zuhair S. Khan1 · Sheeraz Ashraf1 · Nisar Ahmed1 Received: 6 March 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Tin-based chalcogenides are considered as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries yet they suffer from poor electronic conductivity, initial coulombic efficiency and capacity retention. Herein, using facile solvothermal route, cauliflower-like SnS/CNTs and codoped SnS/CNTs nanocomposites were synthesized. Heteroatom dopants in codoped SnS/ CNTs create an amorphous structure which provides sufficient space to release volumetric strains induced during sodiation/ desodiation, resulting in superior capacity retention and initial coulombic efficiency of 44% as compared to 39.4% for SnS/ CNTs and 36% for SnS. Carbon nanotubes create a framework by connecting cauliflower-like SnS together and at 0.1 A g−1, it delivers a reversible capacity of 183.3 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles in SnS/CNTs, which is more than twice as high as is delivered by pure SnS, and also with a very small resistance to charge transfer. Therefore, these novel nanocomposites provide a robust platform for application in sodium-ion batteries.
1 Introduction Since 1991, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the market in terms of electricity energy storage system; however, with an ever-increasing market of electromobility and stationary energy storage, industries dealing with these products are in a pursuit of developing a more energy-efficient storage technology [1]. So far, majority of these needs are being met by LIBs because of their good energy density, cyclic life and compact design, which in turn also increases the cost of raw materials like lithium and cobalt that comprise the core component of LIB technology, making largescale storage systems too expensive to aid in shifting from dependence on fossil fuels to renewable energy sources [1]. Fortunately, sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) have gained much more attention as an alternative source to LIBs because of relatively high abundance of sodium in earth crust (2.75% vs. 0.0065% for Li) and seawater as well, which would decrease the manufacturing cost of batteries [2, 3]. Moreover, NIBs follow the same electrochemical energy storage * Ahmed A. Qayyum [email protected] 1
Advanced Energy Materials & Systems Lab, Department of U.S.‑Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
mechanism as shown by LIBs. However, these batteries, so far, have failed to deliver same volumetric and gravimetric energy density, limiting their practical applications to only where size of battery is not the biggest constraint. This can be owed to the fact that sodium has higher standard reduction potential of − 2.71 in electrochemical series than that to lithium (− 3.04); hence, less cyclic capacity per unit mass and volu
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