Fasting and Caloric Restriction in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the USA and among the leading major diseases in the world. It is anticipated to continue to increase because of the growth of the aging population and prevalence of risk factors such as obesity, smoking, and/
- PDF / 298,512 Bytes
- 26 Pages / 439.37 x 666.142 pts Page_size
- 56 Downloads / 200 Views
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the USA and among the leading major diseases in the world. It is anticipated to continue to increase because of the growth of the aging population and prevalence of risk factors such as obesity, smoking, and/or poor dietary habits. Cancer treatment has remained relatively similar during the past 30 years with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in combination with surgery remaining the standard therapies although novel therapies are slowly replacing or complementing the standard ones. According to the American Cancer Society, the dietary recommendation for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy is to increase calorie and protein intake. In addition, there are no clear guidelines on the type of nutrition that could have a major impact on cancer incidence. Yet, various forms of reduced caloric intake such as calorie restriction (CR) or fasting demonstrate a wide range of beneficial effects able to help prevent malignancies and increase the efficacy of cancer therapies. Whereas chronic CR provides both beneficial and detrimental effects as well as major compliance challenges, periodic fasting (PF), fasting-mimicking diets (FMDs), and dietary restriction (DR) without a reduction in calories are emerging as interventions with the potential to be widely used to prevent and treat cancer. Here, we review preclinical and preliminary clinical studies on
S. Brandhorst V.D. Longo Department of Biological Sciences, School of Gerontology, Longevity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA V.D. Longo (&) IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 T. Cramer and C.A. Schmitt (eds.), Metabolism in Cancer, Recent Results in Cancer Research 207, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42118-6_12
241
242
S. Brandhorst and V.D. Longo
dietary restriction and fasting and their role in inducing cellular protection and chemotherapy resistance. Keywords
Cancer Caloric restriction Dietary restriction Stress resistance Sensitization
1
Fasting Chemotherapy
Introduction
In 2012, an estimated 14.1 million new cases of cancer occurred and approximately 8.2 million people died of cancer worldwide (Torre et al. 2015), although the exact number can only be estimated because incidence rates and treatment modalities for some parts of the world are not fully established. In the USA, one out of every four deaths was estimated to be due to cancer in 2012 (Siegel et al. 2012). The worldwide number of deaths is projected to increase to 13.2 million by 2030 due to the expected increase in the elderly population, as well as the adoption to cancer-causing behaviors (e.g., cigarette smoking) (Brawley 2011). Notably up to 35 % of all cancer deaths worldwide have been reported to be avoidable through adjustments to lifestyle and environmental factors, such as physical activity and dietary habits (Danaei et al. 2005). However, this estimate does not take into account the more recent advance
Data Loading...
