Fate and Behavior of UV Filters in the Marine Environment
UV filters are released into the coastal areas by a combination of different sources, including wastewater discharges and direct input related to recreational activities. To fully understand the risks associated with the occurrence of UV filters in the ma
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Occurrence and Distribution of UV Filters in the Marine Environment 2.1 Levels of UV Filters in Seawater 2.2 Levels of UV Filters in Marine Sediments 3 Reactivity and Fate of UV Filters in the Marine Environment 3.1 Photodegradation 3.2 Biodegradation References
Abstract UV filters are released into the coastal areas by a combination of different sources, including wastewater discharges and direct input related to recreational activities. To fully understand the risks associated with the occurrence of UV filters in the marine environment, better knowledge on their distribution and environmental behavior is required. So far, concentrations of several parts per trillion have been reported in different marine settings from touristic areas. Temporal variations in levels for organic UV filters have been associated with beach use, whereas for inorganic UV filters a preferential accumulation in the surface microlayer was observed. The latter are often released as nanoparticles, which have a tendency to form aggregates and precipitate. Due to their relatively high hydrophobicity, organic UV filters can also end up in the seafloor. Although sediments are not so frequently monitored at seawater, higher UV-filter levels (a few ng g 1) are usually found. Regarding their reactivity in the marine environment, the elucidation of degradation pathways and kinetics is still mostly unknown, although photochemical degradation seems to be a major transformation route for most organic UV filters. Regarding inorganic UV filters, their nanoparticles are subjected to weathering or aging and
M. G. Pintado-Herrera (*) and P. A. Lara Martín Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEI•MAR), Puerto Real, Spain e-mail: [email protected] Julián Blasco, Antonio Tovar, and David Sánchez (eds.), Sunscreens in Coastal Ecosystems: Occurrence, Behavior, Effect and Risk, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2019_441, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
M. G. Pintado-Herrera and P. A. Lara Martín
have also tendency to generate free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide under solar irradiation. Keywords Seawaters, Sediments, Sorption, Transformation, UV filters
1 Introduction Coastal systems are dynamic environments severely affected by human activities as a high proportion of the world population is concentrated near the coast (about 60% within 100 km). The development and utilization of coastal zones is increasing (340 million people by 2,060 considering a medium growth scenario) [1], and, as a result, populations will be affected by several risks and impacts at different scales. Thus, the knowledge about the pressures on these systems and the interaction between natural (tides, morphology, currents, etc.) and anthropogenic factors (wastewater discharges, landfill leachate, etc.) is crucial. Regarding the anthropogenic impacts, the pollution of the marine environment by a huge number of contaminants from urban, industrial, and agri
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