Fate of nitrogen in agriculture and environment: agronomic, eco-physiological and molecular approaches to improve nitrog
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Biological Research Open Access
REVIEW
Fate of nitrogen in agriculture and environment: agronomic, eco‑physiological and molecular approaches to improve nitrogen use efficiency Muhammad Anas1,2, Fen Liao2, Krishan K. Verma2, Muhammad Aqeel Sarwar3, Aamir Mahmood1, Zhong‑Liang Chen2, Qiang Li1, Xu‑Peng Zeng1, Yang Liu4* and Yang‑Rui Li1,2*
Abstract Nitrogen is the main limiting nutrient after carbon, hydrogen and oxygen for photosynthetic process, phyto-hormo‑ nal, proteomic changes and growth-development of plants to complete its lifecycle. Excessive and inefficient use of N fertilizer results in enhanced crop production costs and atmospheric pollution. Atmospheric nitrogen (71%) in the molecular form is not available for the plants. For world’s sustainable food production and atmospheric benefits, there is an urgent need to up-grade nitrogen use efficiency in agricultural farming system. The nitrogen use efficiency is the product of nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency, it varies from 30.2 to 53.2%. Nitrogen losses are too high, due to excess amount, low plant population, poor application methods etc., which can go up to 70% of total available nitrogen. These losses can be minimized up to 15–30% by adopting improved agronomic approaches such as optimal dosage of nitrogen, application of N by using canopy sensors, maintaining plant population, drip fertigation and legume based intercropping. A few transgenic studies have shown improvement in nitrogen uptake and even increase in biomass. Nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase and asparagine synthetase enzyme have a great role in nitrogen metabolism. However, further studies on carbon–nitrogen metabolism and molecular changes at omic levels are required by using “whole genome sequencing technology” to improve nitrogen use efficiency. This review focus on nitrogen use efficiency that is the major concern of modern days to save economic resources without sacrificing farm yield as well as safety of global environment, i.e. greenhouse gas emissions, ammonium volatilization and nitrate leaching. Keywords: Nitrogen use efficiency, Assimilation, Nitrate, Ammonium, Enzyme, Fertilizer
*Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of Agriculture/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement, Sugarcane Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China 4 Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology Laboratory, Nanning 530007, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Introduction Nitrogen (N) plays an important role in crop plants. It is involved in various critical processes, such as growth, leaf area-expansion and biomass-yield production. Excess NUE can support good plant performance and better crop out-put. Various plant molecules such as amino acids, chlorophyll, nucleic acids, ATP and phyto-hormon
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