Femtosecond Laser Pulses Principles and Experiments

This is the second edition of this advanced textbook written for scientists who require further training in femtosecond science. Four years after pub- cation of the ?rst edition, femtosecond science has overcome new challenges and new application ?elds ha

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Claude Rulli`ere (Ed.)

Femtosecond Laser Pulses Principles and Experiments Second Edition

With 296 Figures, Including 3 Color Plates, and Numerous Experiments

Professor Dr. Claude Rulli`ere Centre de Physique Mole´eculaire Optique et Hertzienne (CPMOH) Universit´e Bordeaux 1 351, cours de la Lib´eration 33405 TALENCE CEDEX, France and Commissariat ´ a l’Energie Aromique (CEA) Centre d’Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques d’Aquitarine BP 2 33114 LE BARP, France

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Femtosecond laser pulses: principles and experiments / Claude Rulli`ere, (ed.). – [2nd ed.]. p. cm. – (Advanced texts in physics, ISSN 1439-2674) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 3-387-01769-0 (acid-free paper) 1. Laser pulses, Ultrashort. 2. Nonlinear optics. I. Rulli`ere, Claude, 1947– . II. Series. QC689.5L37F46 2003 621.36’6—dc22 2003062207 ISBN 0-387-01769-0

Printed on acid-free paper.

c 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.  All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springeronline.com

SPIN 10925751

Preface

This is the second edition of this advanced textbook written for scientists who require further training in femtosecond science. Four years after publication of the first edition, femtosecond science has overcome new challenges and new application fields have become mature. It is necessary to take into account these new developments. Two main topics merged during this period that support important scientific activities: attosecond pulses are now generated in the X-UV spectral domain, and coherent control of chemical events is now possible by tailoring the shape of femtosecond pulses. To update this advanced textbook, it was necessary to introduce these fields; two new chapters are in this second edition: “Coherent Control in Atoms, Molecules, and Solids” (Chap. 11) and “Attosecond Pulses” (Chap. 12) with well-documented references. Some changes, addenda, and new references are introduced in the first edition’s ten original chapters to take into account new developments and update this advanced textbook which is the result of a scientific adventure that started in 1991. At that time, the French Ministry of Education decided that, in view of the growing importance of ultrashort laser pulses for the national scientific community, a Femtosecond Ce