Fibrocartilage Tissue Engineering
Fibrocartilage is a specialized tissue found in the intervertebral discs, the menisci of the knee and temporomandibular joint, and various symphyseal joints throughout the body. Its unique combination of tensile strength, compressive strength, and deforma
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Christopher J. Hunter
Contents 13.1 13.2 13.3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Tissue Overview/Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Review of Previous Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 13.3.1 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 13.3.2 Biocompatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 13.3.3 Bioactive Cues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 13.3.4 Mechanical Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 13.3.5 Deliverability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 13.4 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 13.4.1 Aligned/Microengineered Anisotropic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 13.4.2 Cell Adhesion and Targeted Signalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 13.4.3 Delivery Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 13.4.4 The Ultimate Engineered Fibrocartilage: One Author’s Guess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Abstract Fibrocartilage is a specialized tissue found in the intervertebral discs, the menisci of the knee and temporomandibular joint, and various symphyseal joints throughout the body. Its unique combination of tensile strength, compressive strength, and deformability makes it an ideal material for many structures, however a low intrinsic capacity for repair means that disease or damage can produce chronic debility. The fibrocartilages represent a significant challenge for tissue engineers. Biomaterials must be capable of withstanding significant mechanical stress while guiding formation of a complex microarchitecture. In this chapter, we will review the structure and biology of fibrocartilage and take a look at the biomaterial strategies that have been used. At present no material has satisfied all of the requirements for a successful tissue engineered therapy, however many promising developments have occurred. Keywords Biomaterial
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