Liver Tissue Engineering
The development of liver support systems has been in intensive investigation for over 40 years. The main driving force is the shortage of donor organs for orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver cell transplantation and extracorporeal bioartificial livers
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Sihong Wang and Deepak Nagrath
Contents 14.1 14.2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Concepts in Liver Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 14.2.1 Liver Anatomy, Physiology and Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 14.2.2 Cell Source for Liver Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 14.2.3 Methods and Biomaterials for Ex Vivo Primary Hepatocyte Culture . . . . . . . . . 396 14.3 Review of Previous Work of Liver Support Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 14.3.1 Artificial/Bioartificial Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 14.3.2 Hepatocyte Transplantation and Transplantable Liver Constructs . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 14.4 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Abstract The development of liver support systems has been in intensive investigation for over 40 years. The main driving force is the shortage of donor organs for orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver cell transplantation and extracorporeal bioartificial livers (BAL) may bridge patients with end-stage liver diseases to successful orthotopic liver transplantation, support patients with acute liver failure to recover, and provide a curing method to patients with certain liver metabolic diseases. Another frontier of current liver tissue engineering is to construct many functional liver units in vitro for drug toxicity and metabolism screening. Much progress has been made, with several artificial liver dialysis devices on the market, a few BAL systems in clinical trials, and other in vitro micro-liver models in development. On the other hand, many lessons have been learned as well. In this chapter, we will focus on the review of advancement, challenges and the critical issues that have to be solved in the development of BAL systems and hepatic cell transplantation as well as in vitro micro-liver models from a tissue engineering perspective.
S. Wang (*) Department of Biomedical Engineering, ST-434, City University of New York, City College, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY 10031, USA e-mail: [email protected] J.A. Burdick and R.L. Mauck (eds.), Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-0385-2_14, # Springer-Verlag/Wien 2011
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Keywords Artificial liver engineering
S. Wang and D. Nagrath
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Bioartificial liver
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In vitro liver model
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Liver tissue
14.1 Introduction Curren
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