Neural Tissue Engineering
Biomaterials have played a role in the nervous system as drug delivery vehicles and scaffolds. The nervous system, both the peripheral and central, are capable of repair and regeneration when the appropriate environment is presented and this suggests that
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Erin Lavik
Contents 17.1 17.2 17.3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 The Tissues in Question and How They are Damaged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Technologies in Clinical Use and in Clinical Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 17.3.1 Nerve Grafts: Autografts and Allografts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 17.3.2 Decellularized Nerve grafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 17.3.3 Tubes and Conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 17.3.4 Cellular Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 17.3.5 Pharmacological Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 17.4 Neural Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 17.4.1 Early Approaches: Leveraging the Regeneration Seen in the PNS . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 17.4.2 Leveraging the Regeneration Seen in the Neonate to Promote Repair in the Adult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 17.4.3 Polymers for SCI More Broadly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 17.5 Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 17.5.1 The Role of Collaborations in Achieving These Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 17.6 What We Have Not Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Abstract Biomaterials have played a role in the nervous system as drug delivery vehicles and scaffolds. The nervous system, both the peripheral and central, are capable of repair and regeneration when the appropriate environment is presented and this suggests that biomaterials could fundamentally change treatment following injury and disease by building a permissive environment for repair. Yet, when engineers have used materials particularly as scaffolds, one of the most striking findings is how similar many of their results have been across types of materials and approaches. Clearly, there is much still to learn. Part of that learning process comes from looking at what has succeeded
E. Lavik
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