Foliage application and seed priming with nitric oxide causes mitigation of salinity-induced metabolic adversaries in br
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Foliage application and seed priming with nitric oxide causes mitigation of salinity‑induced metabolic adversaries in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) plants Nudrat Aisha Akram1 · Naima Hafeez1 · Muhammad Farid‑ul‑Haq2 · Abrar Ahmad1 · Muhammad Sadiq1 · Muhammad Ashraf3 Received: 27 September 2019 / Revised: 17 July 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 © Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 2020
Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) has a diverse role in plant metabolism under stressful cues. This study was carried out to evaluate the effectivity of exogenously applied (pre-sowing and foliar) NO to minimize the adversaries of salinity stress on broccoli plants. Experimental design was completely randomized along with four replicates. Two levels of nitric oxide, control (0 mM) and 0.02 mM were applied on broccoli plants subjected to salt stress (120 mM) and non-stress conditions. Data showed that salinity stress significantly reduced fresh or/and dry weights of roots and shoots, root length, chlorophyll (a and b) contents, while it significantly increased total phenolics, hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), glycine betaine, proline, ascorbic acid, activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes. The external application of NO via both pre-treatment as well as foliar application improved chlorophyll a, total phenolics, glycine betaine, and activities of SOD, CAT and POD enzymes while it was more helpful in lowering levels of H 2O2 and MDA, however, it remained ineffective for shoot length. Overall, both modes of NO were effective in improving plant growth, chlorophyll a, proline and glycine betaine contents under stress conditions. The results indicated that external use of NO is beneficial for minimizing the salinity adversaries in broccoli plants. Keywords Antioxidants · Broccoli · Exogenous application · Nitric oxide · Salinity
Introduction Various abiotic stresses frequently occur in the environment which significantly retard crop production (Mittler 2006; Onaga and Wydra 2016). Salinity stress is one of the promising abiotic stresses that causes considerable agricultural losses (Zhu 2003; Verma and Deepti 2016). The areas experiencing high temperature, limited rainfall and insufficient water management mostly suffer from salinity problem Communicated by M. Horbowicz. * Nudrat Aisha Akram [email protected] 1
Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
3
Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
(de Clercq and Van Meirvenne 2005). Salinity synergizes with other environmental factors as it hampers absorption of water and impairs metabolic processes by disrupting membrane ultrastructure and organization (Munns 2002). All these factors in combination affect the plant survival and productivity. The long-term exposure of salinity causes osmotic stress and/or
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