Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune cell infiltration in gastric cancer
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(2020) 18:324
RESEARCH
Open Access
Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune cell infiltration in gastric cancer Li Li1,2, Shanshan Huang1,2, Yangyang Yao1,2, Jun Chen1,2, Junhe Li1,2, Xiaojun Xiang1,2, Jun Deng1,2* and Jianping Xiong1,2*
Abstract Background: Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) plays a central role in the progression of tumor and tumor immunity. However, the effect of FSTL1 on the prognosis and immune infiltration of gastric cancer (GC) remains to be elucidated. Methods: The expression of FSTL1 data was analyzed in Oncomine and TIMER databases. Analyses of clinical parameters and survival data were conducted by Kaplan-Meier plotter and immunohistochemistry. Western blot assay and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were used to analyze protein and mRNA expression, respectively. The correlations between FSTL1 and cancer immune infiltrates were analyzed by Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIME), Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), and LinkedOmics database. Results: The expression of FSTL1 was significantly higher in GC tissues than in normal tissues, and bioinformatic analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) indicated that high FSTL1 expression significantly correlated with poor prognosis in GC. Moreover, FSTL1 was predicted as an independent prognostic factor in GC patients. Bioinformatics analysis results suggested that FSTL1 mainly involved in tumor progression and tumor immunity. And significant correlations were found between FSTL1 expression and immune cell infiltration in GC. Conclusions: The study effectively revealed useful information about FSTL1 expression, prognostic values, potential functional networks, and impact of tumor immune infiltration in GC. In summary, FSTL1 can be used as a biomarker for prognosis and evaluating immune cell infiltration in GC. Keywords: FSTL1, Tumor immune infiltrates, Prognostic biomarker, Gastric cancer
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cancer worldwide; despite the rapid development of diagnosis and therapies, GC is still one of the most leading cause of death [1]. Thus, it is urgent to investigate the mechanism of cancer progression, as well as explore the * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] Li Li is the First Author 1 Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China 2 Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Individualized Cancer Therapy, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
potential biomarkers of diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy in GC. In recent years, immunotherapy has rapidly developed into a promising and effective therapeutic strategy for GC patients [2]; however, the molecular mechanisms related to immune dysfunction remain unknown. Several studies have uncovered significant correlations between tumor microenvironment (TME) and the mechanisms of immune dysfunction [3–5]. Tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including tumorassociated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs), disp
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