Food habits in pregnancy and its association with gestational diabetes mellitus: results from a prospective cohort study
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Food habits in pregnancy and its association with gestational diabetes mellitus: results from a prospective cohort study in public hospitals of urban India R. Deepa1, Melissa Glenda Lewis2, Onno C. P. Van Schayck3 and Giridhara R. Babu4,5*
Abstract Background: Few studies have explored the relationship between food habits and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in women from India. We aimed to investigate the associations of food habits and the risk of GDM. Methods: As part of the MAASTHI prospective cohort study in urban Bengaluru, India, pregnant women between 18 and 45 years, less than 36 weeks of gestation were included. During baseline, the participant’s age, education, physical activity levels, and food habits were recorded. Screening of GDM was done by the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria using a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test between the 24th–36th weeks of gestation. Results: We included 1777 pregnant women in the study. We show that 17.6% of the women had GDM, of which 76.7% consume red meat. Red meat consumption was associated with an increased risk of GDM (aRR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.5, 2.9) after adjusting for age, family history of diabetes and socioeconomic status. Conclusion: The high intake of red meat consumption in pregnancy needs further examination. Also, future evaluations should consider evaluating the risk of red meat consumption against the combined effect of inadequate consumption of vegetables, fruits, and dairy products in pregnant women. Interventions to educate women in lower socioeconomic status on inexpensive, seasonal, and healthy food might be helpful. Keywords: Gestational diabetes, Diet, Red meat, Pregnancy, India
Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is carbohydrate intolerance resulting in hyperglycemia of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy [1]. GDM can lead to several adverse outcomes in the infant. These include fetal hyperglycemia, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, respiratory distress syndrome, fetal hypoglycemia, * Correspondence: [email protected] 4 Lifecourse epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health-Bangalore, Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Magadi Road I cross, SIHFW premises, Bengaluru 560023, India 5 Public health and clinical medicine, Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance, New Delhi, India Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
prematurity, hypocalcaemia, and hyperbilirubinemia [2–6]. Additionally, children borne of women with GDM are more likely to develop obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [7, 8]. Also, the mother is at risk for preeclampsia, caesarean sections, and increased risk in the future for T2DM. Globally, GDM affects 18.4 million women, which accounts for 86.4% of gestational hyperglycemia, defined as any higher levels of glucose [9]. In South Asia alone, the prevalence of GDM is increasing with current estimates indicating 26.6% [9] and in urban India vary in different regions, from 0.56 to 41.9% [10, 11]
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