Formation process of calcium vanadate nanorods and their electrochemical sensing properties
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lcium vanadate nanorods with Ca10V6O25 phase have been synthesized by a hydrothermal process without any surfactants. Hydrothermal temperature, reaction time and calcium (Ca) raw materials play important roles in the formation and size of the calcium vanadate nanorods. The nucleation and crystal growth combined with crystal splitting process have been proposed to explain the formation and growth of calcium vanadate nanorods. The calcium vanadate nanorods are used as glassy carbon electrode-modified materials to analyze the electrochemical behaviors of tartaric acid. The calcium vanadate nanorod-modified glassy carbon electrode exhibits good performance for the electrochemical detection of tartaric acid with a detection limit of 2.4 lM and linear range of 0.005–2 mM. The analytical performance and straightforward fabrication method make the calcium vanadate nanorods promising for the development of electrochemical sensors for tartaric acid.
I. INTRODUCTION
Much effort has been paid to the research of ternary metal one-dimensional (1D) vanadate nanoscale materials, which exhibits potential applications in high energy density lithium batteries, sensors and photocatalysis.1 b-Mn2V2O7 microtubes and hollow microspheres with low-dimensional magnetic properties have been synthesized by a simple hydrothermal process by Liu et al.2 By the similar hydrothermal process, silver vanadate3 and bismuth vanadate4 nanowires have also been synthesized successfully. Krupanidhi et al.5 reported the synthesis of ferroelectric bismuth vanadate (Bi2VO5.5) (BVO) nanotubes within the nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide templates by a sol–gel method. By a simple wet chemical route at room temperature, silver vanadate (b-AgVO3) nanorods with the length of 20–40 lm and diameter of 100–600 nm have been obtained by Singh et al.6 Lithium vanadium oxide (LiV3O8) nanorods have been used as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries indicating the highest discharge capacity of 302 mAh/g in the range of 1.8–4.0 V. The capacity remains 278 mAh/g after 30 cycles.7 Silver vanadate nanoribbons exhibit surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect that can be used for identifying human serum transferrin and human serum apotransferrin in the concentration of 10 lM.8 The silver vanadate nanoribbons may be used as biomonitor in such a system. a)
Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2012.254 J. Mater. Res., Vol. 27, No. 18, Sep 28, 2012
Among ternary metal vanadates, calcium vanadate exhibits application potential in optical devices, lithium batteries and electrochemical sensors owing to good optical properties, electrochemical and lithium insertion properties.9,10 As of date, there are only reports related to the solid-state reaction at high temperature using calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) as the raw materials for the synthesis of calcium vanadate.11 Whereas here are some references in the literature on bulk calcium vanadate, such reports are quite scanty relating to 1D ca
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