Four-week inhalation toxicity study of 1-propanol in F344 rats
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Toxicol Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-019-00033-1
Toxicological Research
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Four‑week inhalation toxicity study of 1‑propanol in F344 rats Yong‑Soon Kim1 · Eun‑Sang Cho1 · Ka‑Young Park1 · Cheol‑Hong Lim1 Received: 19 July 2019 / Revised: 5 November 2019 / Accepted: 27 November 2019 © Korean Society of Toxicology 2020
Abstract 1-Propanol is used as a solvent for waxes, vegetable oils, resins, cellulose esters, and ethers, and is not considered harmful to humans by food and non-occupational exposures. However, workers are potentially exposed to 1-propanol by inhalation when it is used in the workplace. Thus, inhalation toxicity data are needed to assess the hazard of 1-propanol for workers safety. Five male and five female F344 rats were exposed to 1-propanol vapor for 4-weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week) at concentrations of 0, 100, 400, and 1600 ppm in a whole-body inhalation chamber system. The actual exposure concentrations were 100.11 ± 5.10, 403.19 ± 12.31, and 1598.08 ± 139.58 ppm for the low, middle, and high dose groups, respectively. No clinical signs, significant mean body weight changes, significant changes of hematology or blood biochemistry results, or histopathological abnormalities were seen related to exposure to the test substance. Under the conditions of this study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of 1-propanol was over 1600 ppm. Keywords Inhalation toxicity · 1-Propanol · No-observed-adverse-effect level · Occupational exposure
Introduction 1-Propanol is a colorless and volatile liquid with a sweet and pleasant odor. It occurs naturally in crude fossil fuels, and as a fermentation and decomposition product of various fruits and vegetables [1, 2]. This substance is used as a solvent for waxes, vegetable oils, resins, cellulose esters, and ethers. It is also found in inks, brake fluids, and polishing compounds. The United States Environmental Protection Agency expects that exposure to 1-propanol would be primarily through the oral route via consumption of agricultural crops. The Environmental Health Criteria Monographs of the World Health Organization International Programme on Chemical Safety comment that exposure of the general population to 1-propanol is via drinking water, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, and food stuffs [3]. Oral LD50 values for 1-propanol range between 1870 and 6800 mg/kg body weight in several animal species. The dermal LD50 is 4000–6700 mg/kg in rabbits. In a skin irritation study, mild effects (well-defined erythema and slight * Cheol‑Hong Lim [email protected] 1
Chemical Research Bureau, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, Daejeon 34122, Republic of Korea
edema) were observed in rabbits [2]. In an acute inhalation study, rats were exposed to 1-propanol vapors for 4 h at a concentration of 9840 mg/m3 (3936 ppm), and two out of six rats died within 14 days [3]. In a limited oral repeated dose study in male rats (1-propanol in drinking water for 4 months), the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was 3000 mg/kg bo
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