From natural dye to herbal medicine: a systematic review of chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and clinical
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From natural dye to herbal medicine: a systematic review of chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and clinical applications of indigo naturalis Yang Qi‑yue1, Zhang Ting2, He Ya‑nan2, Huang Sheng‑jie2, Deng Xuan2, Han Li2,3* and Xie Chun‑guang1*
Abstract Background: Indigo naturalis is a blue dye in ancient, as well as an extensive used traditional Chinese medicine. It has a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties and can be used to treat numerous ailments such as leukemia, psoriasis, and ulcerative colitis. This article aims to expand our understanding of indigo naturalis in terms of its chemi‑ cal constituents, pharmacological action and clinical applications. Methods: We searched PubMed, web of science, CNKI, Google academic, Elsevier and other databases with the key words of “Indigo naturalis”, and reviewed and sorted out the modern research of indigo naturalis based on our research results. Results: We outlined the traditional manufacturing process, chemical composition and quality control of indigo naturalis, systematically reviewed traditional applictions, pharmacological activities and mechanism of indigo natura‑ lis, and summarized its clinical trials about treatment of psoriasis, leukemia and ulcerative colitis. Conclusions: Indigo naturalis has a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti‑ bacterial, antiviral, immunomodulatory and so on. It has very good clinical effect on psoriasis, leukemia and ulcerative colitis. However, it should be noted that long-term use of indigo naturalis may produce some reversible adverse reac‑ tions. In summarize, indigo naturalis is an extremely important drug with great value and potential. Keywords: Indigo naturalis, Indole alkaloids, Anti-inflammation, Leukemia, Psoriasis, Ulcerative colitis Introduction Indigo naturalis is a dried powder or paste processed from the stems and leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek. (family Acanthaceae), Polygonum tinctorium Ait. (family Polygonaceae) and Isatis indigotica Fort. Initially, indigo naturalis was used as a primitive dye in ancient India and then introduced into China through *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 39 Shierqiao Road, Chengdu 610075, People’s Republic of China 3 Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1188 Liutai Avenue, Chengdu 611137, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Persia [1]. In the Tang Dynasty,indigo naturalis is a fashionable cosmetic used for thrush. Subsequently, Chinese doctors found it could reduce fever, detoxify the blood, dissolve ecchymoses, and cool down blood [2]. Further study on the material basis of indigo naturalis showed that it was mainly composed of 10% organic matter and 90% inorganic substance, among which organic matter was the main active substance [3]. In addition, pharmacological effects of indigo naturalis were also studied. Modern resea
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