From Pasteur to Personalized Vaccines
Anno Domini 1881. Louis Pasteur was on track to become the first leading vaccinologist at the time and to win the race against the development of the first artificial attenuated vaccine to his rival, the veterinarian Henry Toussaint. One year ago, he deve
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From Pasteur to Personalized Vaccines Matthias Giese
Contents
1.1
1.1
1885: The First Therapeutical Vaccine........
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1.2
Systems Vaccinology .....................................
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1.3
Biomarkers: Correlates of Protection .........
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1.4
P-Vaccines: From Bench to Bedside ............
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1.5 Therapeutical Window .................................
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References ...............................................................
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M. Giese, PhD Institute for Molecular Vaccines, IMV, Heidelberg, Germany e-mail: [email protected]
1885: The First Therapeutical Vaccine
Anno Domini 1881. Louis Pasteur was on track to become the first leading vaccinologist at the time and to win the race against the development of the first artificial attenuated vaccine to his rival, the veterinarian Henry Toussaint. One year ago, he developed a vaccine against avian cholera (fowl cholera). Pasteur isolated the causative agent of this zoonotic disease, Pasteurella multocida (a gram-negative, nonmotile coccobacillus). The economic losses caused by avian cholera were enormously at this time and also today. Cholera Vaccine. Emile Roux, Pasteur’s assistant, came up with the idea to develop a series of immunization experiments with different aged cultures of Pasteurella: (a) immunization of 12 chicken with fresh cultivated Pasteurella, (b) immunization of 12 chicken with aged cultures of Pasteurella, and finally (c) immunization with old cultures of Pasteurella. 8 days later, 12/12 chicken of group A died, but 4/12 chicken of group B survived and surprisingly 11/12 chicken of group C survived. In the following challenge experiment, 8/11 immunized chickens survived. This was the confirmation that an old culture of Pasteurella could be used as vaccine to protect against avian cholera. Today, it is known that this vaccine developed serious side effects and was not able to reduce the shedding, and the duration of immunity was very short. Pasteur and Oxygen. Pasteur concluded that the virulence of Pasteurella could be manipulated
M. Giese (ed.), Molecular Vaccines Volume 1, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1419-3_1, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2013
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by the conditions of cultivation. The interruption or complete stopping of the process of cultivation resulted in a still living but weakened form of Pasteurella. Pasteur believed that only the exposure of the bacilli to oxygen was the reason for this attenuation. The big difference between Jenner’s smallpox vaccination and Pasteur’s cholera vaccine was the source of the weakened form of the agent. It was known that a microorganism, e.g., smallpox, could exist in a virulent and in an avirulent natural form. And Jenner applicated the avirulent natural form. Pasteur however isolated the pathogen and attenuated this pathogen by special lab conditions. For the first time, he generated an artificially weakened vaccine against an infectious disease. Also, Henry Toussaint was elaborating on vaccines but in contrast to Pasteur who believed that only a live vaccine would be the appropriate stimul
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