Functionalized Photonic Crystal Sensor Elements based on Nanoporous Polymers
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Functionalized Photonic Crystal Sensor Elements based on Nanoporous Polymers Sung Jin Kim1, Elizabeth Nio1, Vamsy P Chodavarapu2, Albert H Titus1, Mark T Swihart3, and Alexander N Cartwright1 1 Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260 2 Electrical & Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 2A7, Canada 3 Chemical and Biological Engineering, Univeristy at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260 ABSTRACT We report the development of oxygen sensors using polymer photonic bandgap structures coupled with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit chips. These integrated sensors, exploiting the porous sensing element, provide a new platform for the development of low cost, low powered, light weight, robust, and small sensors. In this paper, we demonstrate an approach to encapsulation of chemical and biological recognition elements within the porous structures. This sensing platform is built on our recently demonstrated nanofabrication technique using holographic interferometry of a photo-activated mixture that includes a volatile solvent as well as monomers, photoinitiators, and co-initiators. The resulting structure is a nanoporous polymer 1D photonic bandgap structure that provides desirable optical reflection. These recognition elements can be directly integrated into optical sensor systems that we have previously developed. The optical sensor system is built using CMOS detectors that include phototransistors, a transimpedance amplifier, and other signal processing units. Specifically, we demonstrate a prototype oxygen sensor by encapsulating the fluorophore (tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenathroline)ruthenium(II) into the photonic bandgap structure and monitoring the fluorescence intensity. INTRODUCTION Nanostructured materials are intensively exploited in various applications including health care, electronic devices and systems, communications, and renewable energy generation [1-4]. Rapid advances in point-of-care devices for medical and biomedical diagnostic and therapeutic applications have increased the need for low cost, low power, high throughput, and miniaturized systems. To date, we have mainly explored the use of sol-gel derived xerogel platforms as immobilization template for various chemical and biological sensors. The development of xerogel materials is a mature technology with many research groups around the world actively pursuing a variety of sensing applications using them [5,6]. Xerogels have a nanoporous structure which gives highly concentrated effective sensing area as well as offers a number of advantages including simple room-temperature processing, stability for relatively long periods of time, biocompatibility, and usability with a variety of recognition elements. Instead of using a xerogel based template, porous polymeric photonic bandgap (P3BG) structures that use a photosensitive polymer have been developed for sensors. [7] This P3BG structure is fabricated by using interference holography. The advantage of P3BG structures compared t
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