Fundamentals of Aquacultural Engineering
Aquaculture is the science and technology of balanced support from the biological and engi producing aquatic plants and animals. It is not neering sciences. However, commercial aqua new, but has been practiced in certain Eastern culture has become so co
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SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
I (f) P
An International Thomson Publishing Company
Cover photo courtesy of Dr. James W. Avault, Jr., Louisiana State University Agrilcultural Center
Copyright © 1995 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1995 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1995 A division of I nternational Thomson Publ ish i ng Inc. [CDp The ITP logo is a trademark under license
I nternational Thomson Publ ish ing I nternational Thomson Ed itores Berkshire House 168-173 Campos Eliseos 385, Piso 7 High Holborn Col. Polanco 11560 Mexico D.F. Mexico London WC 1V 7 AA England International Thomson Publishing Gmbh Thomas Nelson Australia Konigwinterer Strasse 418 102 Dodds Street 53228 Bonn South Melbourne, 3205 Germany Victoria, Australia International Thomson Publishing Asia Nelson Canada 221 Henderson Road #05-10 1120 Birchmount Road Henderson Building Scarborough, Ontario Singapore 0315 Canada M 1 K 5G4 International Thomson Publishing - Japan Hirakawacho-cho Kyowa Building, 3F 1-2-1 H irakawacho-cho Chiyoda-ku, 102 Tokyo Japan All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means--graphic, electronic, or'mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems--without the written permission of the publisher. 1 23456789 10 XXX 01 009998979695 Library of Congress Catloging-in-Publication Data Lawson, Thomas B., 1943Fundamentals of aquacultural engineering / Thomas B. Lawson p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4615-7049-3 ISBN 978-1-4615-7047-9 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-1-4615-7047-9
l. Aquacultural engineering. I. Title SH137,L38 1994 639 ' . 8--dc20 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available
93-38073 CIP
CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12.
Preface Introduction Water Quality and Environmental Requirements Site Selection for Aquaculture Water Supply Aquaculture in Open Systems Fluid Mechanics Pumps Flow Estimation and Measurement Aquaculture in Ponds, Raceways, and Tanks Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Oxygen and Aeration Sterilization and Disinfection References Appendix Index
vii 1 12
40
48 58 84 111 133 157 192 248 311 330
347 351
v
PREFACE
Aquaculture is the science and technology of producing aquatic plants and animals. It is not new, but has been practiced in certain Eastern cultures for over 2,000 years. However, the role of aquaculture in helping to meet the world's food shortages has become more recently apparent. The oceans of the world were once considered sources of an unlimited food supply. Biological studies indicate that the maximum sustainable yield of marine species through the harvest of wild stock is 100 million MT (metric tons) per year. Studies also indicate that we are rapidly approaching the maximum sustainable yield of the world's oceans and major freshwater bodies. Per capita consumption of fishery products in the United States incr
