Fundamentals of Nanotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field of science which integrates chemistry, engineering sciences, physics, and materials science altogether. It is the science whose main purpose is to design, characterize, and produce nanoscaled materials with cont
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Fundamentals of Nanotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
1.1 Introduction Nanotechnology is a very interesting scientific discipline and has versatile practical applications. It depends majorly on manufacturing novel, and promising materials at the level of the nanoscale (Rastogi et al. 2018). The Japanese Professor Norio Taniguchi was the first to coin the term nanotechnology (Taniguchi et al. 1974). Particles with dimensions of 100 nm or less are referred to as nanoparticles and are considered as the building blocks of nanotechnology. For instance, the length of a carbon-carbon bond is in the range of 0.12–0.15 nm, and the diameter of the DNA double helix is approximately 2 nm. Conversely, the length of the mycoplasma which is the smallest cellular forms of bacteria is nearly 200 nm. For instance, the human hair diameter is around 80,000 nm (Guo 2013). These nanostructured materials are characterized by extraordinary properties such as the controlled shape, size, crystallinity, and composition. Nanotechnology covers fields starting from biology to materials science and chemistry to physics. The controlled size, shape, composition, crystallinity, and structure-dependent properties of nanoparticles govern the unique properties of nanotechnology. However, physical and chemical methodologies used for nanoparticle synthesis such as sol-gel technique, chemical vapor deposition, precipitation, hydrothermal synthesis, and microemulsion proved to be toxic, hazardous, not eco-friendly, expensive, and harsh conditions are needed such as high temperature and/or pressure to complete the synthesis process. Thus, significant efforts were devoted for finding alternative techniques to guarantee the safe and clean synthesis of nanoparticles. This was successfully achieved by the progress of the nanobiotechnology field.
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 B. A. Omran, Nanobiotechnology: A Multidisciplinary Field of Science, Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46071-6_1
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1 Fundamentals of Nanotechnology and Nanobiotechnology
1.2 Fundamentals of Nanotechnology 1.2.1 Definition and Concept of Nanotechnology The prefix “nano” is originated from the Greek word “nanos” which means “dwarf” or very small. Nanotechnology is defined as “the science that allows the manipulation of matter at atomic or molecular levels in the range of 1–100 nm” (Omran et al. 2018a, El-Gendy and Omran 2019). Thus, this would aid in producing innovative materials with extraordinary properties (Mohan Bhagyaraj and Oluwafemi 2018). Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary science that combines several scientific fields including biotechnology, biology, chemistry, physics, medicine, pharmacy and engineering, etc. It is worth noting that the principles of quantum physics contributed in the revolutionary nature of nanotechnology (Basu 1997). The behavior of materials at the nanoscale is under the control of quantum laws rather than those of classical physics (Mohan Bhagyaraj and Oluwafemi 2018). These extraordinary feat
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