Fungal bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and toxic metals
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MINI-REVIEW
Fungal bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and toxic metals Qianwei Li 1 & Jicheng Liu 1 & Geoffrey Michael Gadd 1,2 Received: 2 June 2020 / Revised: 11 August 2020 / Accepted: 23 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Much research has been carried out on the bacterial bioremediation of soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and toxic metals but much less is known about the potential of fungi in sites that are co-contaminated with both classes of pollutants. This article documents the roles of fungi in soil polluted with both petroleum hydrocarbons and toxic metals as well as the mechanisms involved in the biotransformation of such substances. Soil characteristics (e.g., structural components, pH, and temperature) and intracellular or excreted extracellular enzymes and metabolites are crucial factors which affect the efficiency of combined pollutant transformations. At present, bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and toxic metals is mostly focused on the removal, detoxification, or degradation efficiency of single or composite pollutants of each type. Little research has been carried out on the metabolism of fungi in response to complex pollutant stress. To overcome current bottlenecks in understanding fungal bioremediation, the potential of new approaches, e.g., gradient diffusion film technology (DGT) and metabolomics, is also discussed. Key points • Fungi play important roles in soil co-contaminated with TPH and toxic metals. • Soil characteristics, enzymes, and metabolites are major factors in bioremediation. • DGT and metabolomics can be applied to overcome current bottlenecks. Keywords Fungi . Bioremediation . Petroleum hydrocarbons . Toxic metals
Co-contamination in the soil environment With the accelerating pace of industrialization and urbanization, soil contamination has become a critical worldwide concern because of the threat to natural ecosystems and human health and much research has been carried out on innovative and cost-effective remediation technologies (Dong et al. 2013; Khan et al. 2018; Song et al. 2017). Soils co-contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and toxic metals are one of the
* Qianwei Li [email protected] * Geoffrey Michael Gadd [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
2
Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, UK
major challenging problems in petroleum-producing countries, such as Qatar (Freije 2015), China (Cheng et al. 2019; Dong et al. 2013), and Russia (Kuyukina et al. 2018). Petroleum hydrocarbons and associated by-products found in soil are usually generated from accidental spills of crude oil, fuel contamination, refining processes, and subsequent problems associated with distribution and utilization. Spilled contaminants penetrate into soil pores and adsorb onto soil particles, moving v
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