Gendered impacts of greenhouse gas mitigation options for rice cultivation in India
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Gendered impacts of greenhouse gas mitigation options for rice cultivation in India Hom Gartaula 1 Lone Badstue 2
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& Tek Sapkota & Arun Khatri-Chhetri & Gokul Prasad &
Received: 10 June 2020 / Accepted: 5 November 2020 / Published online: 21 November 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract
The nexus of gender-agriculture-emissions reduction is one of the least explored areas related to agriculture and climate change. This nexus plays an important role in the areas where women’s participation in agriculture is high, and the contribution of the agricultural sector to total emission is significant. This study generates evidence on women’s labor contribution in rice cultivation and potential reduction of their labor drudgery, including GHG mitigation co-benefits with the adoption of direct seeding and machine transplanting technologies. Using a large number of plot-level data (11,987 data points) from the rice-growing regions of India, the study shows that changing rice production technology from conventional to direct-seeded rice (DSR) and/or machine-transplanted rice (MTR) offers huge potential to reduce women’s labor in rice planting (745 million labor-days for DSR and 610 million labor-days for MTR) and greenhouse gases (GHG) emission (34 MtCO2e for DSR and 7 MtCO2e for MTR) at the same time. This potential differs from the agro-ecological region, the level of input use, and women’s involvement in rice cultivation. The realization of this gender-responsive GHG mitigation strategy depends on the adoption of these technologies, which rely on several social, economic, and political factors. At the same time, the immense potential for negative implications for some specific groups should not be ignored, but focused on addressing and mitigating those challenges. Keywords Climate change . Gender-responsive mitigation . Co-benefits . Rice cultivation . India
* Hom Gartaula [email protected]
1
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
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International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), El Batan, Mexico
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International Center of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
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Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Braunschweig, Germany
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Climatic Change (2020) 163:1045–1063
1 Introduction The global community is looking for new approaches to integrate gender considerations in emission reduction options across the agricultural production systems that can help reduce women’s drudgery as well as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (IUCN 2015; UNFCCC 2019). However, the nexus of gender-agriculture-emissions reduction is one of the least explored areas. Many women in developing countries are involved in agricultural production systems for their livelihoods. Any technological and managerial interventions can directly or indirectly affect them. Globally, arable agriculture (excluding forestry and other land uses) contributes to approximately 12% of the total GHG emissions (IPCC 2019). Rice cultivation is the 4th largest source of GHG emissions in agriculture after
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