Gene flow from transgenic soybean, developed to obtain recombinant proteins for use in the skin care industry, to non-tr
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ARTICLE
Gene flow from transgenic soybean, developed to obtain recombinant proteins for use in the skin care industry, to non‑transgenic soybean Do Young Kim1†, Min Sik Eom1,2†, Hye Jin Kim1,2, Eun Mi Ko1, In‑Soon Pack1, Jung‑Ho Park1, Kee Woong Park2*, Kyong‑Hee Nam3, Sung Duk Oh4, Jae Kwang Kim5, Ju Seok Seo6 and Chang‑Gi Kim1*
Abstract Soybean has been recognized as a useful platform for heterologous protein production. This study compared the pol‑ len characteristics of transgenic and non-transgenic soybean and investigated the rate of gene flow from transgenic soybean events, developed to obtain recombinant proteins (such as human epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, or thioredoxin) for use in the skin care industry, to non-transgenic soybean under field conditions, and determined the distance at which gene flow could occur. The lack of significant differences in pollen grain size, viability and pollen germination rates between transgenic and non-transgenic cultivars indicates that the overexpres‑ sion of transgenes did not alter pollen characteristics in soybean. The highest rates of gene flow from the three trans‑ genic soybean events to non-transgenic soybean ranged from 0.22 to 0.46% at the closest distance (0.5 m). Gene flow was observed up to 13.1 m from the transgenic plots. Our data fell within the ranges reported in the literature and indicate that an isolation distance greater than at least 13 m from transgenic soybean is required to prevent withincrop gene flow in soybean. As the potential markets for transgenic crops as a recombinant protein factory increase, gene flow from transgenic to non-transgenic conventional crops will become a key decision factor for policy makers during the approval process of transgenic crops. Our study may provide useful baseline data for the prevention of transgenic soybean seed contamination caused by transgene flow. Keywords: Gene flow, Glycine max, Hybridization, Pollen Introduction Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a predominantly selfpollinated crop, and pollination occurs before the flowers open. The rates of natural cross-pollination between closely placed soybean cultivars are generally found to be less than 1% under field conditions [1–5]. However, *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Do Young Kim and Min Sik Eom contributed equally to this work 1 Bio‑Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea 2 Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
maximum rates of natural cross-pollination as high as 4.52% [6] and 6.32% [7] have also been reported. Moreover, much higher rates were observed in male sterile soybean lines [8, 9]. Because the airborne release of soybean pollen is very limited, soybean pollination is not mediated by wind [10]. Insect pollinators, particularly many bee species, play important roles in soybean pollination [11
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