Perspectives of Scaling Up the Use of Zeolites for Selective Separations from Lab to Industry
Different synthetic zeolites can be obtained by varying the composition, porosity, and active centers, making them of great interest in industry, especially as adsorbents in gas separation and purification processes. On the other hand, adsorption separati
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Perspectives of Scaling Up the Use of Zeolites for Selective Separations from Lab to Industry Vanessa F. D. Martins, Ana M. Ribeiro, Alexandre F. P. Ferreira, and Alírio E. Rodrigues
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Adsorptive Gas-Phase Separation Processes 3 From Laboratory to Industrial Scale 3.1 Pure Component Adsorption Equilibrium 3.2 Dynamic Adsorption Experiments 3.3 Mathematical Modeling and Validation 3.4 VPSA and SMB at Pilot Scale Using Zeolites 3.5 Cryo-PTSA Scale-up Using Zeolites 4 Summary References
Abstract Different synthetic zeolites can be obtained by varying the composition, porosity, and active centers, making them of great interest in industry, especially as adsorbents in gas separation and purification processes. On the other hand, adsorption separation processes are increasingly common in industrial applications due to the technical and economic advantages of this technology. In this context, zeolites have emerged as promising candidates for these processes due to their high temperature stability, resistance to harsh environments combined with unique molecular sieve characteristics, ion exchange, and selective adsorption. In this chapter, we will focus on two cases, paraffin/olefin separation (ethane/ethylene and propane/propylene) and carbon dioxide/methane separation. Some innovative alternatives to replace conventional distillation have emerged for paraffin/olefin separation, with emphasis on simulated moving bed (SMB)
V. F. D. Martins, A. M. Ribeiro, A. F. P. Ferreira, and A. E. Rodrigues (*) Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal e-mail: [email protected]
V. F. D. Martins et al.
technology. A wide variety of zeolites has been studied for this process, such as zeolites 13X, 4A, and 5A. The second case study is the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from natural gas stream. Adsorption processes are considered a competitive solution, once the adsorbent can be regenerated either by TSA or PSA. Concerning the use of zeolites for CO2 removal, natural chabazite, zeolite 4A, H-mordenite, and zeolite 13X are the ones with more available information in literature. In this review, we will focus on the strategy and importance of the lab/pilot scale with perspectives of scaling up adsorptive gas-phase separations using zeolites. The main methods adopted in lab/pilot scale studies include adsorbent characterization, adsorption equilibrium, adsorption dynamic studies, and process simulation and optimization. Keywords 13X · Adsorption · Cryo-PTSA · Gas phase · Industrial · Laboratorial · PSA · SMB · Zeolites
1 Introduction With the gradual increase of energy costs in the 1960s and 1970s, the petrochemical industry was forced to find new alternatives for which distillation has become less favorable in terms of energy input and CO2 emissions. The adsorption-based separation processes were implemented in the petroleum and petrochemical industry as they offer fluid separation bas
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