Genetic Control of Neuronal Migrations in Human Cortical Development
1 Introduction Cortical development is a complex, tightly regulated process that eventually leads to the six-layered adult human neocortex, the substrate of the unique cognitive, emotional, and social abilities of our species. The basic mechanisms of earl
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y Embryology and Cell Biology
Editors F. F. Beck, Melbourne · F. Clascá, Madrid M. Frotscher, Freiburg · D. E. Haines, Jackson H.-W. Korf, Frankfurt · E. Marani, Enschede R. Putz, München · Y. Sano, Kyoto T. H. Schiebler, Würzburg · K. Zilles, Düsseldorf
Gundela Meyer
Genetic Control of Neuronal Migrations in Human Cortical Development
With 29 Figures
123
Gundela Meyer Departamento de Anatomía Faculdad de Medicina Universidad de La Laguna 38071 La Laguna/Tenerife Canary Islands Spain e-mail: [email protected]
ISSN 0301-5556 ISBN-10 3-540-36688-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-36688-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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List of Contents
1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2
Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3 3.1
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3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
The Anatomical Basis of Human Cortical Development . . . The Embryonic Period: Formation of the Cortical Anlage and Early Regionalization The Early Foetal Period (8–20 GW): Time Course of Cell Proliferation and Migration . . . . . . . . . Establishment of Cortical Lamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Development of Axonal Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neuronal Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cortical Gyration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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