Genetic diversity of native and introduced Phragmites (common reed) in Wisconsin
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Genetic diversity of native and introduced Phragmites (common reed) in Wisconsin Nicholas P. Tippery1 · Jared D. Pesch1 · Brandon J. Murphy1 · Rachel L. Bautzmann1 Received: 21 February 2020 / Accepted: 25 July 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Two subspecies of common reed (Phragmites australis; Poaceae) exist in northern North America: the native P. australis subsp. americanus and the introduced P. australis subsp. australis. There are numerous native populations in Wisconsin, in addition to the more recently established populations of the introduced subspecies. We studied populations of both P. australis subspecies across Wisconsin in order to characterize the genetic diversity of both subspecies and to investigate whether any instances of hybridization could be ascertained in Wisconsin. Using eight microsatellite markers, we found minimal overlap in the alleles that could be recovered from native and introduced plants, and we found no evidence to suggest hybridization between subspecies, even in localities where native and introduced plants grow in close proximity. Overall, we found greater genetic variation in plants of the introduced subspecies relative to the native subspecies, and we observed some geographic patterns of allelic diversity. Keywords Common reed · Genetic diversity · Microsatellites · Phragmites australis · Population genetics
Introduction Invasive plants disrupt natural ecology in many ways, including by outcompeting native plants and altering trophic relationships (Pyšek et al. 2012; Gallardo et al. 2016). Among the most widespread and ecologically impactful plant invaders in North America is the common reed, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Two subspecies co-occur in northern North America: the native P. australis subsp. americanus Saltonst., Peterson & Soreng and the introduced P. australis subsp. australis (Saltonstall et al. 2004). The introduced subspecies has been implicated as a noxious weed in Canada and the USA, and in the USA the expansion of introduced plants has contributed to the decline of the native subspecies (Marks et al. 1994; Saltonstall 2002, 2011; Saltonstall and Stevenson 2007; Park and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-020-00098-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Nicholas P. Tippery [email protected] 1
Department of Biological Sciences, University of WisconsinWhitewater, 800 W Main St, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
Blossey 2008; Catling and Mitrow 2011; Kettenring et al. 2011; Mozdzer and Megonigal 2012). Phragmites populations must be identified correctly, because the management objectives are entirely different for each subspecies (i.e., conserving native populations versus controlling or eradicating introduced populations; Marks et al. 1994; Kiviat 2013; Hazelton et al. 2014). Although morphological characters are fairly reliable for distinguishing the two Phragmites subspecies (Saltonstall et al. 2004)
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