Genome-wide identification of MADS-box gene family in sacred lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera ) identifies a SEPALLATA homolog g
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Genome-wide identification of MADS-box gene family in sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) identifies a SEPALLATA homolog gene involved in floral development Zhongyuan Lin1,2, Dingding Cao2, Rebecca Njeri Damaris1 and Pingfang Yang1*
Abstract Background: Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is a vital perennial aquatic ornamental plant. Its flower shape determines the horticultural and ornamental values. However, the mechanisms underlying lotus flower development are still elusive. MADS-box transcription factors are crucial in various features of plant development, especially in floral organogenesis and specification. It is still unknown how the MADS-box transcription factors regulate the floral organogenesis in lotus. Results: To obtain a comprehensive insight into the functions of MADS-box genes in sacred lotus flower development, we systematically characterized members of this gene family based on the available genome information. A total of 44 MADSbox genes were identified, of which 16 type I and 28 type II genes were categorized based on the phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, the structure of MADS-box genes and their expressional patterns were also systematically analyzed. Additionally, subcellular localization analysis showed that they are mainly localized in the nucleus, of which a SEPALLATA3 (SEP3) homolog NnMADS14 was proven to be involved in the floral organogenesis. Conclusion: These results provide some fundamental information about the MADS-box gene family and their functions, which might be helpful in not only understanding the mechanisms of floral organogenesis but also breeding of high ornamental value cultivars in lotus. Keywords: Floral organogenesis, Genome-wide analysis, Lotus, MADS-box, SEP3
Background Nelumbonaceae is one of the smallest families in flowering plants, which consists of only two species named as Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. and Nelumbo lutea Pers, respectively [1, 2]. N. nucifera is also called sacred lotus in Asia based on its significance in Buddhism and Hinduism [3]. Besides, lotus is also an important horticultural plant with ornamental, nutritional, and medicinal values [3]. In * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
reality, there are three major categories of lotus, namely flower, seed, and rhizome lotus. Flower lotus is a very important aquatic ornamental plant in Southeast Asia because of its variable flower color and shape, which is among the top ten famous flowers in China. Flower shape is largely determined by the arrangement of its four basic constitutive organs, sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. The petal number, size, and shape contribute greatly to the flower shape. In lotus, there are many transition petal shapes. Based on lotus flower morphology, there are four groups, named as few-petalled, double-petalled, duplicatepetalled, and all-double-peta
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