Genetic diversity comparisons of wild populations of Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae) in Russia and China using microsat
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Genetic diversity comparisons of wild populations of Nelumbo nucifera (Nelumbonaceae) in Russia and China using microsatellite markers Zhi‑Zhong Li1,2 · Md. Rabiul Islam1,2,3 · Shi‑Xu Huang4 · Dan Yang5 · Yeshitila Mekbib1,2,6 · Popova Svetlana7 · Hong‑Bing Sun8 · Jin‑Ming Chen1,2 · Xing‑Yu Yang8 Received: 17 May 2020 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The wild sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera is considered as an endangered aquatic plant in China and Russia. To date, the assessments and comparisons of the genetic diversity of wild populations of N. nucifera in Russia and China are very limited. Here, we sampled 15 wild populations of N. nucifera, including 208 individuals from these two key areas and genotyped using 13 microsatellite markers. Our results revealed 154 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) among individuals. Excluding the NS049 Locus that showed significant null alleles, we further assessed the genetic diversity of 154 MLGs in our study. The Chinese populations exhibited slightly lower genetic diversity compared to the Russian ones. Overall, the study showed low levels of genetic diversity (HO = 0.174 and HE = 0.251) with substantial genetic differentiation (FST = 0.547) in N. nucifera populations. We found a greater genetic variation residing among populations (54.74%) and a significant correlation (R2 = 0.8756, P = 0.01) between genetic and geographic distances. In Bayesian analyses, we found that the populations were clustered into three distinct genetic pools (K = 3) supported by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and neighbor-joining (NJ) tree. We observed low gene flow between the genetic pools (NM = 0.2649). Nine of the 15 populations showed recent bottlenecks, demonstrating the N. nucifera populations were vulnerable or endangered in Russia and China. Therefore, based on the available genetic variations and the levels of threats, we recommended important population sites for the preservation of N. nucifera through complimentary conservation approaches. Keywords Bottlenecks · Genetic diversity · Nelumbo nucifera · Population structure
Introduction Handling editor: Ying-Xiong Qiu. Zhi-Zhong Li and Md. Rabiul Islam have contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01708-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Nelumbo Adans. (Lotus) is an ancient taxon, which consists of two species, N. nucifera Gaertn. (Sacred or Asian lotus) and N. lutea Willd. (American lotus), and belongs to the family Nelumbonaceae. The sacred lotus N. nucifera is mainly distributed in Asia and Australia, and the populations
* Jin‑Ming Chen [email protected]
4
College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
* Xing‑Yu Yang [email protected]
5
Capitalbio Genomics Co., Ltd., Dongguan 523808, China
6
Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 30726, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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