Gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus: a tentative, novel double-stranded RNA virus that is relevant to gentian Kobu-sho syn
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VIRAL AND VIROID DISEASES
Gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus: a tentative, novel double-stranded RNA virus that is relevant to gentian Kobu-sho syndrome Kappei Kobayashi • Go Atsumi • Yasuya Iwadate • Reiko Tomita • Ken-ichi Chiba • Shiho Akasaka • Masahiro Nishihara • Hideyuki Takahashi • Naoto Yamaoka • Masamichi Nishiguchi • Ken-Taro Sekine
Received: 16 May 2012 / Accepted: 2 November 2012 / Published online: 5 December 2012 Ó The Phytopathological Society of Japan and Springer Japan 2012
Abstract A virus-like dsRNA of about 23 kbp was detected in gentian plants showing Kobu-sho syndrome including stunting, shortened internodes, and tumors on stems, nodes and roots. Nucleotide sequence analysis has suggested that this dsRNA is related to Pestivirus species but not to any other plant viruses. It was protected from externally added RNase, suggesting that the dsRNA is encapsidated. The dsRNA was co-extracted in a crude homogenate of glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue with the virus-like particles that have been associated previously with Kobu-sho syndrome in gentian (Usugi et al. Jpn J Phytopathol 76:21–24, 2010). The RNA sequence was detected in more than 99 % of Kobu-sho gentian individuals but in less than 20 % of apparently healthy gentian individuals from fields affected with Kobu-sho. Thus, we propose naming the virus Gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus. Keywords
Gentian Kobu-sho dsRNA Virus
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10327-012-0423-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. K. Kobayashi G. Atsumi R. Tomita M. Nishihara H. Takahashi K.-T. Sekine Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan K. Kobayashi (&) N. Yamaoka M. Nishiguchi Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan e-mail: [email protected] Y. Iwadate K. Chiba S. Akasaka Iwate Agricultural Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
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Introduction Gentian plants (Gentiana triflora var. japonica, G. scabra var. buergeri and their hybirds) have been seriously damaged by Kobu-sho syndrome since the mid 1980s (Iwadate et al. 2006; Kodama et al. 2004). Although the syndrome received the name ‘‘Kobu’’, the Japanese word for tumorous or hyperplastic disorders on stems, nodes and roots of diseased plants, the most common and early symptom is stunting with shortened internodes (Iwadate et al. 2006; Kodama et al. 2004). Abe and Takesawa (2005) reported that a hyperplasia of phloem tissue was a common, early symptom of Kobu-sho and could be useful for diagnosis. Kobu-sho appears in the second or the third year of settled planting of perennial gentian plants and kills the plants within a few years, severely harming the commercial gentian industry. Interestingly, Kobu-sho appears first in the peripheral parts of the fields and then gradually spreads inward in the field each year, suggesting the presence of a pathogenic factor for Kobu-sho at the periphery of the fields (Kodam
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