Geographical distribution, genetic studies and vector transmission of alfalfa enamovirus-1 infecting alfalfa crop in Arg
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Geographical distribution, genetic studies and vector transmission of alfalfa enamovirus‑1 infecting alfalfa crop in Argentina Verónica Trucco1,2 · Dariel Cabrera Mederos1,2 · Sergio Lenardon1,3 · Fabian Giolitti1,2 Received: 11 February 2020 / Accepted: 11 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growing areas of Argentina were surveyed between 2010 and 2018 to determine the geographical distribution and analyse the genetic diversity among alfalfa enamovirus-1 (AEV-1) isolates. The virus was detected in all 17 surveyed alfalfa-producing provinces, with a prevalence of 64%. The plant virus AEV-1 is widely distributed in the country, and its transmission vector has been unknown until now. Here we show that the black aphid Aphis craccivora can transmit AEV-1. The CP sequence identity among 16 AEV-1 isolates from Argentina was from 98 to 100% and from 98.9 to 100% at nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, indicating a low level of sequence variation among these isolates. The phylogenetic analysis based on the complete nucleotide sequence of the CP gene indicated that AEV-1 isolates are closely related and clustered in a monophyletic group. These results suggest that AEV-1 has spread very recently in Argentina. In the present study, we report the geographical distribution of AEV-1 in the main alfalfa-growing areas of Argentina and, for the first time, identify an insect vector and describe the CP gene diversity of an enamovirus worldwide. Keywords Alfalfa · Alfalfa enamovirus-1 · Genetic diversity · Geographical distribution · Vector transmission Argentina is characterized by important bovine meat and milk production activities, with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) being the primary forage crop and an essential component of the animal production chain. Alfalfa is well adapted to a large region in Argentina and is the forage species with the largest cultivated area in the country (over 3.2 million Edited by Seung-Kook Choi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-020-01783-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Fabian Giolitti [email protected] 1
Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Patología Vegetal (INTA-CIAP-IPAVE), Av. 11 de septiembre 4755, X5014MGO Córdoba, Argentina
2
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola (CONICET-UFyMA), Av. 11 de Septiembre 4755, X5014MGO Córdoba, Argentina
3
Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria (UNRC‑FAV), Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km. 601 Río Cuarto, X5804BYA Córdoba, Argentina
hectares, Basigalup pers. comm. 2018), ranking fourth after soybean, wheat and maize [1, 2]. A viral disease named alfalfa dwarf disease (ADD) was identified in 2010 in Argentina; the symptoms include severe plant stunting and leaves of r
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