Geographical distribution, genetic diversity, and reproductive traits of mixed polyploid populations in Parasenecio kamt
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Geographical distribution, genetic diversity, and reproductive traits of mixed polyploid populations in Parasenecio kamtschaticus (Senecioneae; Asteraceae) Gaku Kudo1 · Akira S. Hirao1,2 Received: 12 December 2019 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In order to clarify the genetic differentiation and reproductive traits of mixed polyploid populations in Parasenecio kamtschaticus complex, geographical distribution, genetic diversity, and reproductive performance were compared among three intraspecific types composed of two cytotypes and two varieties in Japan. Diploid P. kamtschaticus var. kamtschaticus (2×-kamtschaticus) was distributed at the center of the distribution range, tetraploid P. kamtschaticus var. kamtschaticus (4×-kamtschaticus) existed widely throughout the entire range, and tetraploid P. kamtschaticus var. bulbifera (4×-bulbifera), producing bulbils, was restricted to higher elevations. Genetic structure was analyzed using allozyme markers. The genetic diversity of 4×-kamtschaticus was higher than that of 2×-kamtschaticus, with that of 4×-bulbifera being intermediate. Populations of 4×-bulbifera and 2×-kamtschaticus were genetically discriminable from each other in principle coordinate analysis, and the genetic structure of 4×-kamtschaticus populations largely overlapped with those of the other types. Flower and achene production levels were highest in the 4×-kamtschaticus populations and lowest in the 4×-bulbifera populations. Germination activity of achenes was highest in the 2×-kamtschaticus populations and lowest in the 4×-bulbifera populations. Fruit-set success of 4×-bulbifera decreased with elevation because of a shorter growing season, indicating the importance of vegetative reproduction by bulbils at higher elevations. Unexpectedly, the inbreeding coefficients of the 4×-bulbifera populations were the lowest among the three types. Occasional achene production by outcrossing might maintain the high genetic diversity of the 4×-bulbifera populations. The evolution of polyploidy and subsequent bulbil production might enable P. kamtschaticus to disperse a wider range of environmental conditions. Keywords Allozymes · Bulbil · Diploid · Elevation · Genetic diversity · Tetraploid
Introduction
Handling Editor: Hiroshi Kudoh. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01714-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Gaku Kudo [email protected] 1
Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060‑0810, Japan
Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima 960‑1296, Japan
2
Polyploidy is a central feature of plant diversification. All angiosperms have ultimately been derived from multiple ancestral polyploidy events (Jiao et al. 2011), and nearly 35% of vascular plants are recent polyploid species (Wood et al. 2009). There are two types of polyploidization in n
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