Global 5-methylcytosine and physiological changes are triggers of indirect somatic embryogenesis in Coffea canephora
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Global 5-methylcytosine and physiological changes are triggers of indirect somatic embryogenesis in Coffea canephora Paulo Marcos Amaral-Silva 1 & Wellington Ronildo Clarindo 2 & José Henrique Soler Guilhen 3 & Ana Beatriz Rocha de Jesus Passos 3,4 & Natália Arruda Sanglard 1 & Adésio Ferreira 3 Received: 18 March 2020 / Accepted: 28 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) establishment for Coffea species started in the 1970s. Since then, intraspecific variations in the morphogenic pathway have been reported, even in the common environmental condition in vitro. Several authors have suggested that these variations are the result of genetic, epigenetic, and/or physiological events, highlighting the need for investigations to know the causes. Along these lines, this study aimed to investigate and describe, for the first time, the global 5-methylcytosine and physiological changes that occur in the cells of the aggregate suspensions of Coffea canephora during proliferation and somatic embryo regeneration steps. The cell proliferation step was characterized by increase in cell mass in all subcultures; relatively low mean values of global 5-methylcytosine (5-mC%), abscisic acid (ABA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); high mean value of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC, an ethylene precursor); and increase followed by decrease in spermidine (Spd, a polyamine) level. Therefore, these epigenetic and physiologic aspects promoted the cell proliferation, which is fundamental for ISE. In turn, the somatic embryo regeneration was correlated with global 5-mC% and physiological changes. The competence acquisition, determination, and cell differentiation steps were marked by increases in mean values of 5-mC%, IAA and ABA, and decreases in ACC and Spd, evincing that these changes are the triggers for regeneration and maturation of somatic embryos. Therefore, dynamic and coordinated epigenetic and physiologic changes occur in the cells of the aggregate suspensions during the C. canephora ISE in liquid system. Keywords Coffea . Epigenetic . Plant tissue culture . Phytohormones . Polyamines . In vitro regeneration
Key message Dynamic and coordinated changes in global cytosine methylation, abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and spermidine trigger the indirect somatic embryogenesis pathway in Coffea canephora propagated in liquid system. Handling Editor: Handling Editor: Peter Nick Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-020-01551-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Wellington Ronildo Clarindo [email protected] 1
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Laboratório de Citogenética e Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES 29500-000, Brazil Laboratório de Citogenética e Citometria, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e
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