Indirect somatic embryogenesis of purple coneflower ( Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): a medicinal-ornamental plant: eva
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Indirect somatic embryogenesis of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): a medicinal‑ornamental plant: evaluation of antioxidant enzymes activity and histological study Maryam Dehestani‑Ardakani1,2 · Mohadeseh Hejazi1 · Kazem Kamali Aliabad3 Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 2 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) is a widely used medicinal and ornamental plant. In the present study, the callus embryogenesis was examined using benzyl adenine (BA) at three levels (3, 4, 5 mg L−1), 1-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at three levels (0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg L −1) with or without activated charcoal (1 g L −1), coconut milk (50 ml L −1) −1 and casein hydrolysate (50 mg L ) in the MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) medium. The embryogenesis indirectly occurred with the production of callus. The calli were observed in three forms: undifferentiated, embryogenic and organogenic. The embryogenic calli were dark green and coherent with a faster growth rate. The highest embryogenesis (100%) and embryonic regeneration (plantlet production) were obtained in the combined BA + NAA treatments with the activated charcoal, coconut milk and casein hydrolysate. However, the combined treatments of growth regulators failed to produce somatic embryos without the use of coconut milk and casein hydrolysate. The maximum amount of protein, peroxidase and catalase activity of embryogenic calli (2.02, 1.79 and 6.62ΔOD/Min/mg.protein, respectively), and highest percentage of acclimatization success (29.3% of plants) were obtained in the combined treatment of 5 mg L−1 BA + 0.5 mg L−1 NAA + activated charcoal + coconut milk + casein hydrolysate. The highest amount of chlorophyll content (33.3 SPAD value) and growth characteristics of acclimatized plantlets were observed in the media containing 3 mg L−1 BA + 0.1 and 0.2 mg L−1 NAA + 1 g. L−1 combined activated charcoal, coconut milk, casein hydrolysate. The histological studies confirmed the somatic embryogenesis in purple coneflower. Generally, it was found that the somatic embryogenesis of E. purpurea occurs at high levels of BA and low levels of NAA with the addition of coconut milk and casein hydrolysate. Keywords Benzyl adenine · Coconut milk · Casein hydrolysate · Callus · Naphthalene acetic acid
Introduction
* Maryam Dehestani‑Ardakani [email protected] Mohadeseh Hejazi [email protected] Kazem Kamali Aliabad [email protected] 1
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Ardakan University, P.O. Box 184, Ardakan, Islamic Republic of Iran
2
Medicinal and Industrial Plant Research Institute, Ardakan, Islamic Republic of Iran
3
Department of Soil Science, Natural Resources Faculty, Yazd University, Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran
Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family that is widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and health industries. The medicinal products derived from
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