Global monsoon response to tropical and Arctic stratospheric aerosol injection
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Global monsoon response to tropical and Arctic stratospheric aerosol injection Weiyi Sun1 · Bin Wang2 · Deliang Chen3 · Chaochao Gao4 · Guonian Lu1 · Jian Liu1,5,6 Received: 9 December 2019 / Accepted: 9 July 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) is considered as a backup approach to mitigate global warming, and understanding its climate impact is of great societal concern. It remains unclear how differently global monsoon (GM) precipitation would change in response to tropical and Arctic SAI. Using the Community Earth System Model, a control experiment and a suite O2) are conducted, including ten tropical SAI and ten of 140-year experiments with C O2 increasing by 1% per year (1% C Arctic SAI experiments with different injecting intensity ranging from 10 to 100 Tg yr−1. For the same amount of injection, a larger reduction in global temperature occurs under tropical SAI compared with Arctic SAI. The simulated result in the last 40 years shows that, for a 10 Tg yr−1 injection, GM precipitation decreases by 1.1% (relative to the 1% CO2 experiment) under Arctic SAI, which is weaker than under tropical SAI (1.9%). Further, tropical SAI suppresses precipitation globally, but Arctic SAI reduces the Northern Hemisphere monsoon (NHM) precipitation by 2.3% and increases the Southern Hemisphere monsoon (SHM) precipitation by 0.7%. Under the effect of tropical SAI, the reduced GM precipitation is mainly due to the thermodynamic term associated with the tropical cooling-induced decreased moisture content. The hemispheric antisymmetric impact of Arctic SAI arises from the dynamic term related to anomalous moisture convergence influenced by the anomalous meridional temperature gradient. Keywords Global monsoon precipitation · Tropical and arctic SAI · CESM · Thermodynamic term · Dynamic term
* Jian Liu [email protected] 1
Key Laboratory for Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application; School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
2
Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Atmosphere‑Ocean Research Center, University of Hawaii At Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96825, USA
3
Regional Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
4
College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
5
Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Numerical Simulation of Large Scale Complex Systems, School of Mathematical Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
6
Open Studio for the Simulation of Ocean‑Climate‑Isotope, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
1 Introduction Global monsoon (GM) precipitation has been viewed as the dominant mode of annual variation in the tropical region, which imposes substantial
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