GM Crops for Plant Virus Resistance: A Review
Plant viruses have been a major threat to the agricultural productivity in tropics and sub-tropics compared to the other pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. Researchers have been striving hard to develop methods of plant virus resistance in various ways
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Abstract
Plant viruses have been a major threat to the agricultural productivity in tropics and sub-tropics compared to the other pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. Researchers have been striving hard to develop methods of plant virus resistance in various ways. Conventional practices such as border crops, cross protection have a very limited ability to control the epidemics at the field level. Hence the production of GM crops conferring resistance to various plant viruses has become a most important research objective. With the advent of techniques of genetic engineering, there has been a revolutionary enhancement in the production of GM crops resistant to various plant viruses through various strategies. Pathogenderived resistance (PDR) have been widely employed for the production of GM crops resistant to plant viruses. PDR deals with the expression of various plant viral proteins such as coat protein, movement protein, and replicase, which act as decoys preventing the virus invasion. The other techniques of PDR include antisense RNA, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing, artificial microRNA (amiRNA) targeting, etc. The techniques involved in pathogentargeted resistance (PTR) involve the use of the newly evolved strategies such as use of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats CRISPR/Cas9 or CRISPR/Cas13 for targeting the mutation or cleavage of viral DNA and RNA genomes, there by conferring resistance to various plant viruses. In the present chapter, we made an attempt to journey through these strategies and their applications for the production of virus resistant genetically modified (GM) crops. A. M. A. Johnson (*) · C. Sudhakar Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India D. V. R. S. Gopal Department of Virology, Sri Venkatesewara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 P. B. K. Kishor et al. (eds.), Genetically Modified Crops, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5932-7_11
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Keywords
Plant virus-resistant transgenics · NB-LRR genes · Pathogen-derived resistance · Coat protein genes · RNA interference · Artificial microRNA · Virus-induced gene silencing · CRISPR/Cas system
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Introduction
Modern agriculture is supposed to provide enough produce to feed the global population that was estimated to increase from 7.3 billion (in 2015) to at least 9.8 billion by the year 2050. There have been many challenges in improving crop produce in the form of abiotic and biotic stresses. Among the abiotic stresses, various stresses such as drought, cold, heat, and light become hurdles for enhanced crop production. In the biotic stresses, various pathogenic infections such as bacteria, fungi and viruses play a key role in the reduction of crop produce. Among the biotic souces of plant stress, plant viruses are the greatest of the threats to agricultural produce worldwide (Kang et al. 2005).
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