Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions Phenolic Acids, Cover Crops an
In an effort to implement conservation measures farmers have used a variety of production methods including reduced or zero tillage. With the implementation of these methods there has been an increase in the use of small grain and legume cover crops
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Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions Phenolic Acids, Cover Crops and Weed Emergence
Plant–Plant Allelopathic Interactions
Udo Blum
Plant–Plant Allelopathic Interactions Phenolic Acids, Cover Crops and Weed Emergence
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Udo Blum Department of Plant Biology North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695-7612 USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-94-007-0682-8 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0683-5 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0683-5 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922311 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
This book is dedicated to all who have labored and will labor in the field of plant–plant allelopathic interactions.
Preface
For part of my PhD thesis I characterized the distribution of tannic acids in soils underneath sumac (Rhus copallina L.) located in abandoned fields of central Oklahoma (Blum and Rice 1969). Large quantities of tannic acids were found in the litter and organic residues underneath sumac. Tannic acids, which are very water soluble, were also found in the soil to a depth of 75 cm, with a definite zone of concentration at 45–55 cm. The techniques utilized at the time to recover and quantify tannic acids were rudimentary, at best. Amounts below 400 ppm added to soils could not be recovered, even though concentrations as low as 33 ppm added to soils inhibited nodulation of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. “Burpee”). These observations and their implications to plant–plant allelopathic interactions intrigued me at the time and I made a promise to myself that I would take another look at this subject in the future. Around 1980 I was ready to fulfill that promise. For the next 20 plus years research in my laboratory was primarily focused on various aspects of plant–plant allelopathic interactions with an emphasis on seedling behavior, soil chemistry, and microbiology. This book is a summary and retrospective analysis of this research program. Although research publications on allelopathy have increased at a phenomenal rate since the 1980s, what is generally lacking are in-depth analyses and integration of this literature. For example, a quick search of Science Citation Index yielded 112 publications between 1981 and 1990, 627 publications between 1991 and 2000, and 1,615 publications between 2001 and 2010. The terms “allelopathic interactions” yielded 6, 58, and 212 publications over the same time intervals. However, less than 10% of these 276 citations listed for allelopathic interactions could be classified as review papers for allelopathic
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