Graphene and The Advent of Other Layered-2D Materials for Nanoelectronics, Photonics and Related Applications
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Graphene and The Advent of Other Layered-2D Materials for Nanoelectronics, Photonics and Related Applications
Anupama B. Kaul (invited paper) Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems, Engineering Directorate, National Science Foundation, Arlington VA 22203 Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT Carbon-based nanostructures have been the center of intense research and development for more than two decades now. Of these materials, graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) layered material system, has had a significant impact on science and technology in recent years after it was experimentally isolated in single layers in 2004. The recent emergence of other classes of 2D layered systems beyond graphene has added yet more exciting and new dimensions for research and exploration given their diverse and rich spectrum of properties. For example, h-BN a layered material closest in structure to graphene, is an insulator, while NbSe, a transition metal dichalcogenide is metallic and monolayers of other transition metal di-chalcogenides such as MoS2 are direct band-gap semiconductors. The rich variety of properties that 2D layered material systems offer can potentially be engineered on-demand, and creates exciting prospects for their device and technological applications ranging from electronics, sensing, photonics, energy harvesting and flexible electronics in the near future.
INTRODUCTION It is well known that carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes exhibit remarkable mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties which has stirred a great deal of excitement for considering them for a wide variety of applications ranging from nanoscale transistors,1,2,3, interconnects,4 ultra-capacitors,5 biosensors,6 stretchable electronics,7 thermoelectrics,8 photo-voltaics,9,10 optical applications and plasmonics,11,12 as well as nano-electromechanical-systems (NEMS)13,14,15,16,17 given their remarkable mechanical properties.18,19,20 The investigation of graphene as a model two-dimensional (2D) system has impacted a diverse array of fields spanning physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering. While great strides have been made recently for applications of graphene that have stemmed from its unique properties, the absence of an intrinsic band-gap in pristine graphene poses concerns for its attractiveness in electronics applications, specifically digital electronics, where high ON/OFF ratios are desired. Although a band-gap in graphene is induced through quantum confinement by creating graphene nanoribbons (GNRs),21 chemical functionalization,22 and
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through the application of an electric field in bilayer graphene,23 the band gaps nonetheless are small (few hundred meV). Recently, layered 2D crystals of other materials similar to graphene have been realized which include the transition metal di-chalcogenides, transition metal oxides and other 2D compounds such as insulating hexagonal-BN, Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3. In this paper, we will start with an overview of graphene which has enabled a transfor
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