Graphene-based electronic biosensors
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Graphene-based electronic biosensors Shun Maoa) State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Junhong Chenb) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA (Received 18 December 2016; accepted 22 March 2017)
As an atomic-thick layer material, graphene has a large specific surface area, high electron mobility, and high sensitivity to electronic perturbations from the binding of molecules, all of which are attractive properties for developing electronic sensing devices. This article focuses on graphenebased electronic sensors [field effect transistor (FET) sensors] for detecting biomolecules, including DNA, protein, and bacteria, among others. This article will cover three morphologies of graphene materials in biosensing applications: graphene nanosheet, graphene nanoribbon, and verticallyaligned graphene. The unique structure and electronic properties of graphene enable the FET sensor for the low concentration and rapid detection of biomolecules, thereby addressing the limitations of conventional optical sensing technologies such as ELISA, Western Blot, and electrochemical method. The advantages of graphene-based sensing technology are highlighted and recent progress on graphene-based electronic sensors for detecting biomolecules is reviewed and discussed.
I. INTRODUCTION
There is a need for simple and reliable sensors that are suitable for trace detection in a spectrum of applications ranging from medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, industrial and agricultural process control, and lab-on-a-chip.1,2 In the past two decades, various nanomaterials have been explored for sensing applications, including quantum dots,3–5 nanoparticles,6–8 nanowires,9–11 carbon nanotubes,12–14 and graphene.15–17 Among these nanomaterials, graphene, a twodimensional (2D) carbon layer, has drawn significant attention in sensor applications due to its unique structure and properties. Graphene has demonstrated great potential in various novel sensors (optical, electronic, electrochemical, and mechanical sensors) due to its exceptional optical properties, electronic properties, electrochemical properties, or mechanical properties.1,15,16,18–20 For electronic field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors, the unique structure and electronic properties of graphene, e.g., ultra-thin thickness, large specific surface area, extremely high electron mobility, and high sensitivity to electronic perturbations from foreign molecules, Contributing Editor: Venkatesan Renugopalakrishnan Address all correspondence to these authors. a) e-mail: [email protected] b) e-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2017.129
are the cornerstones for the use of graphene-based materials as the sensing material. The general working principle of graphene-based FET sensors is based on the conductivity change in the sensing channel (graphene nanosheet) upon the bin
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