Green preparation of activated carbon from pomegranate peel coated with zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) and isothe
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Green preparation of activated carbon from pomegranate peel coated with zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) and isotherm and kinetic studies of amoxicillin removal in water Imran Ali 1 & Shirin Afshinb 2,3 & Yousef Poureshgh 3 & Ali Azari 4,5,6 & Yousef Rashtbari 2,3 & Abolfazl Feizizadeh 7 & Asghar Hamzezadeh 2,3 & Mehdi Fazlzadeh 3,5 Received: 20 March 2020 / Accepted: 13 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In present research, the activated carbon was prepared by a green approach from pomegranate peel coated with zerovalent iron nanoparticles (AC-nZVI) and developed as adsorbent for the removal of amoxicillin from aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of the AC-nZVI were investigated using XRD, FTIR, and FESEM techniques. The optimal values of the parameters for the best efficiency (97.9%) were amoxicillin concentration of 10 mg/L, adsorbent dose of 1.5 g/L, time of 30 min, and pH of 5, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium and kinetic data were fitted with the Langmuir monolayer isotherm model (qmax 40.282 mg/g, R2 0. 0.999) and pseudo-first order kinetics (R2 0.961). The reusability of the adsorbent also revealed that the adsorption efficiency decreased from 83.54 to 50.79% after five consecutive repetitions. Overall, taking into account the excellent efficiency, availability, environmental friendliness, and good regeneration, AC-nZVI can be introduced as a promising absorbent for amoxicillin from aquatic environments. Keywords Activated carbon . Green synthesis . Adsorption . nZVI . Amoxicillin
Introduction Responsible editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr * Imran Ali [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
2
Students Research Committee, Faculty of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
3
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
4
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
5
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
6
Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
7
Mechanical Engineering Department, MSc of Engineering of Micro and Nano Electromechanical Systems, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
Water contamination due to drugs and pharmaceutical residues is increasing continuously due to rapid growth in the pharmaceutical industries, widespread of different diseases, and their excretion in the environment (Basheer 2018b; Basheer and Ali 2018). The wastewater or effluents must be treated prior to discharge to water sources (Ali et al. 2018, Basheer 2018a, Burakova et al. 2018; Dobaradaran et al. 2018; Nodeh et al. 2016). Normally, wastewater treatment plants are incapable of eliminating pharmaceutical contaminants (K
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