Fabrication of activated carbon from pomegranate husk by dual consecutive chemical activation for 4-chlorophenol adsorpt
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Fabrication of activated carbon from pomegranate husk by dual consecutive chemical activation for 4-chlorophenol adsorption Sousan Hadi 1,2 & Ensiyeh Taheri 1,3 & Mohammad Mehdi Amin 1,3 & Ali Fatehizadeh 1,3
&
Eder C. Lima 4
Received: 23 August 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In the present work, the fabrication of activated carbon (AC) from pomegranate husk (PHAC) by dual consecutive activation processes with ZnCl2 and NaOH as a chemical agent was studied. After that, the synthesized PHAC was used for adsorption of 4chlorophenol (4CP) as a highly toxic compound for the human health and the environment. Different analytical techniques characterized the synthesized PHAC using ZnCl2/NaOH. The isotherms of N2 adsorption and desorption showed that total pore volume (Vtotal) and specific surface area (SBET) of PHAC were 0.404 cm3/g and 811.12 m2/g, respectively. The 4CP adsorption by PHAC studies revealed that the highest 4CP removal efficiency was 100% and obtained at 50, 100, and 150 mg/L of 4CP concentration with 2.5 g/L of PHAC. Based on the batch experiments, the highest 4CP removal was achieved at pH 6, 2.5 g/L of PHAC, and contact time of 60 min. The 4CP adsorption data of equilibrium and kinetics were successfully fitted to Langmuir’s isotherm and Avrami fractional order. Keywords Adsorption . Activated carbon . Agricultural waste . 4-Chlorophenol
Introduction The phenolic compounds (PCs) represent the high toxicity and accumulation potential in the environment and are known as one of the great concern pollutants. The PCs were detected in the effluent wastewater of many industries, such as paper, synthetic rubber, petrochemical units, oil refineries, textile, pharmaceutical industries, and coal gasification sites (Bilgili 2006). The chlorophenols (CPs) belong to a category of PCs and produced with the addition of one to five chlorine atoms Responsible Editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr * Ali Fatehizadeh [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
2
Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
3
Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
4
Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Goncalves 9500, Postal Box 15003, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
to phenol ring. When CPs contain higher than two chlorine atoms, its structure, it was employed as pesticide agents, and besides, the 4-chlorophenols (4CP) are classified as antiseptics. During water disinfection, the 4CPs are produced as disinfection by-products when water containing PCs and also in paper production industries are created when chlorine is used for wood pulp bleaching (Bilgili et al. 2012). For the removal of PCs from wastewater, several techn
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