Groundwater evaluation for drinking purposes using statistical index: study of Akola and Buldhana districts of Maharasht
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Groundwater evaluation for drinking purposes using statistical index: study of Akola and Buldhana districts of Maharashtra, India Chaitanya B. Pande1 · Kanak N. Moharir1 · Sudhir Kumar Singh2 · Bloodless Dzwairo3 Received: 12 March 2019 / Accepted: 22 November 2019 © Springer Nature B.V. 2019
Abstract The groundwater quality for drinking purposes was assessed using statistical index of Akola and Buldhana districts, Maharashtra, India. The sampling was performed in both the seasons (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon), a total of nine water quality parameters (pH, TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, HCO3 and SO4) were estimated. Water quality index (WQI) method was used to classify groundwater on the basis of score, and WQI maps were generated using ArcGIS 10.3 software. These thematic maps of WQI have given detailed information of groundwater suitable areas for drinking purposes during pre-monsoon and postmonsoon. Majority of water samples falls in the category of suitable zones for drinking purposes. The aqueous geochemical modeling has been given statistics of mineral exposed during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon of the Mahesh river basin area. Geochemical model WATEQ4F has been used to compute the saturation index of different minerals of the study area. The saturation index of the carbonates helps us to know the thermodynamic stability of groundwater and to discover out the geochemical movements of groundwater. Keywords BIS 2012 · Calcite · Saturation index · WQI · WATEQ4F
* Chaitanya B. Pande [email protected] Sudhir Kumar Singh [email protected] Bloodless Dzwairo [email protected] 1
Department of Geology, SantGadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, MS 444602, India
2
K. Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric and Ocean Studies, IIDS, Nehru Science Centre, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
3
DUT‑EBE ‑ Department of Civil Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Unit 1, FJ Sithole Road, Imbali, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
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1 Introduction Groundwater is the main resource of freshwater for irrigation, drinking and industrial growth, India. However, global problems related to drought, water quality, environmental and ecological challenges are mainly related to water (Karanth 1987; Vodela et al. 1997; Singh et al. 2009; Moharir et al. 2017). In many countries, deteriorated drinking water quality has become a serious problem due to large-scale anthropogenic activities, change in life style and consumerism; hence, groundwater quality evaluation is needed especially for the groundwater sustainable management (Todd and Mays 2005). Groundwater quality is based on the different parameters of water, atmospheric precipitation, in land surface water and subsurface geochemical processes (CGWB 2010; Khadri and Pande 2016). Majority of researchers have compared their observed value of parameter with the individual recommended value of parameter with WHO guideline (Cude 2001). Groundwater quality indices (WQIs) are most commonly applied tool instruments in
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