Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and quality assessment for the purposes of drinking and irrigation in Bo
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and quality assessment for the purposes of drinking and irrigation in Bougaa area, Northeastern Algeria Riad Kouadra1 • Abdeslam Demdoum2
Received: 28 May 2019 / Revised: 10 September 2019 / Accepted: 17 October 2019 Science Press and Institute of Geochemistry, CAS and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In the northern part of Algeria, the intensive exploitation of groundwater resources and pollution has considerably affected the aquifer water quality, especially in rural areas where groundwater is the main source of water supply for most uses. This study was performed to evaluate the groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes through the hydrogeochemical study on the groundwater in Bougaˆa region (Northeastern Algeria). Fourteen groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for pH, T, EC, TDS, and major ions. Most samples are suitable for drinking based on the permissible limits of the Bureau of Indian standards (Indian standard specification for drinking water (IS 10500: 2012), but only 35 % of the samples are good enough for drinking purposes based on the water quality index of the groundwater. Assessment of groundwater samples from various parameters and methods such as ‘‘Electrical conductivity, Sodium adsorption ratio, Soluble sodium percentage, Magnesium adsorption ratio, Residual sodium carbonate, Permeability index, Kelly’s ratio, Wilcox’s diagram, and US salinity laboratory classification’’ showed that groundwater in the area is chemically suitable for irrigation uses. The Piper trilinear diagram suggests that the groundwater mainly belongs to the hydrochemical facies Ca–Mg–Cl and Na–Cl. The combination of ionic ratios, & Riad Kouadra [email protected] Abdeslam Demdoum [email protected] 1
Department of Geological Sciences, University of Fre`res Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine, Algeria
2
Department of Earth Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University Setif 1, Setif, Algeria
Gibbs plots, and saturation indices show that water–rock interaction, particularly the dissolution of carbonate, evaporation minerals, and ion exchange processes affects hydrogeochemistry of the area. Additional processes such as evaporation and anthropogenic pollution from various sources can also have major impacts on groundwater salinity. Keywords Groundwater Irrigation Drinking WQI Sodium adsorption ratio Wilcox’s diagram
1 Introduction Groundwater is a major source of water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses in many countries in the world. In areas with low annual rainfall and long dry season, the underground reservoirs play a major role in satisfying the water supply. In Africa, groundwater is considered a substantial share of total natural water resources. In recent years, with the rapid increase in population, groundwater is becoming more important as a source of drinking and irrigation uses. Therefore, groundwater quality is a critical factor that influences human he
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