Human gut microbiota/microbiome in health and diseases: a review
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REVIEW PAPER
Human gut microbiota/microbiome in health and diseases: a review Eman Zakaria Gomaa
Received: 16 July 2020 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The human gut microbiota has received considerable interest in the recent years and our knowledge of the inhabitant species and their potential applications is increased particularly after the development of metagenomic studies. Gut microbiota is highly diverse and harboring trillions of microorganisms in human digestive system. The shaping and multiplication of gut microbiome starts at birth, while the modification of their composition depends mainly on various genetic, nutritional and environmental factors. The modification in the composition and function of the gut microbiota can change intestinal permeability, digestion and metabolism as well as immune responses. The pro inflammatory state caused by alternation of gut microbiota balance lead to the onset of many diseases ranging from gastrointestinal and metabolic conditions to immunological and neuropsychiatric diseases. In this context, the present review clarifies the role of gut microbiota in maintaining host health and investigates how nutritional and environmental factors affect the gut microbial structure and function. In addition, many therapeutic strategies of gut microbiota aimed at modulating and restoring of the intestinal ecosystem balance have been surveyed.
E. Z. Gomaa (&) Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Gut microbiome Probiotics Prebiotics Gut-brain axis Human diseases Dysbiosis Fecal microbiota transplantation Therapeutic strategy
Introduction Gut microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of humans and animals, including insects. In people, the gut microbiota has the biggest quantities of microorganisms, and the greatest number of species compared to other parts of the body (Quigley 2013). They consist of thousands of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, and some eukaryotes that colonize digestive tract just after birth (Passos and Moraes-Filho 2017). The intestinal microbiota consists of more than 1500 species, distributed in more than 50 different phyla (Robles-Alonso and Guarner 2013). It was reported that Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes followed by Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Tenericutes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were the most dominant phyla, making up to 90% of the total microbial population in humans (Jethwani and Grover 2019). There are several factors that can change the gut microbiota composition and function. Among these factors are host genetics, diet, age (Odamaki et al. 2016), mode of birth (Nagpal et al. 2017) and antibiotics (Hasan and Yang 2019).
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
The gut microbiota has a lot of significant functions in human body, including supporting protection from pathogens by coloni
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