Health risk assessment of heavy metals and strontium in groundwater used for drinking and cooking in 58 villages of Prak
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Health risk assessment of heavy metals and strontium in groundwater used for drinking and cooking in 58 villages of Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India Arjun Lakshman Khandare . Vakdevi Validandi . Ananthan Rajendran . Toteja Gurudayal Singh . Longvah Thingnganing . Srinivasu Kurella . Raju Nagaraju . Srinivas Dheeravath . Nagaraju Vaddi . Srinivasulu Kommu . Yadaiah Maddela Received: 11 September 2019 / Accepted: 4 May 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Groundwater is one of the most important sources of water for drinking and cooking in rural India. A total of 382 groundwater samples were collected from 58 villages and analyzed for HMs and Sr by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The average concentrations of HMs and Sr in water was in the order of strontium (Sr) [ arsenic (As) [ chromium (Cr) [ lead (Pb) [ mercury (Hg) [ cadmium (Cd). Out of 58 villages, 21, 37, 35, 35, 35 and 39 villages had Cr, As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Sr higher (WHO limit) than their respectively permissible levels. Health risk assessment of HMs and Sr for humans revealed that the non-carcinogenicity hazard quotients (HQi?d) for HMs and Sr were higher than unity for adult and children. The hazard index (HI) was 531.066 for adult and 902.926 for children. The
A. L. Khandare (&) V. Validandi S. Kurella R. Nagaraju S. Dheeravath N. Vaddi S. Kommu Y. Maddela Food Safety Division, Department of Food Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai Osmania PO, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] A. Rajendran L. Thingnganing Food Composition and Nutrient Analysis Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India T. G. Singh Desert Medicine Research Centre, ICMR, New Pali Road, Jodhpur, India
HI [ 1 was observed in 45 villages for adults and 56 villages for children. The lifetime cancer risk in adult for Asi, Asd, and Pbi in 36, 25 and 23 villages, whereas in children was 42, 20 and 22 villages, respectively. In conclusion, the health risks arising from consumption of groundwater containing HMs and Sr indicated that there is a significant carcinogenic risks for adult and children. This is the first attempt to provide information on the health risks of Sr in drinking water in India. The present findings can be useful for the development of potential strategies for risk control and management. Keywords Heavy metals Strontium Hazard quotient Hazard index Average daily intake Contamination Carcinogenic risk
Introduction Drinking water is a very important need of the people to maintain the hydration of the human body. Because of scanty rainfall and many fold uses of water (drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes), groundwater table has decreased. Groundwater is a natural source, which is considered safer than surface water. However, human activities can contaminate aquifers (Todd 1980; Li 2016; Li et al. 2017). And, over uses of groundwater lead to decrease in its levels, in
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