Risk assessment of heavy metals in milk from cows reared around industrial areas in India
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Risk assessment of heavy metals in milk from cows reared around industrial areas in India A. Yasotha . D. Sylvain Dabade´ . Vijay Pal Singh . T. Sivakumar
Received: 25 January 2020 / Accepted: 16 October 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract This study assessed the health risk associated with exposure to heavy metals through consumption of milk from cows reared around industrial areas in India. Heavy metals, namely Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Cd, were determined in water and forage from four locations as well as in milk produced by dairy cattle raised in these locations, using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. A quantitative risk assessment using probabilistic approaches was performed to assess the exposure of adults and children to the heavy metals via milk consumption. In milk samples, the highest levels of Cd and Pb were 0.18 mg L-1 and 0.37 mg L-1, respectively, which were above the international permissible levels. Possible sources of Pb in the milk could be the industrial by-products and A. Yasotha T. Sivakumar Department of Livestock Production Management, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600007, India D. S. Dabade´ (&) Laboratory of Food Sciences, University of AbomeyCalavi, 03 B.P., 2819 Jericho-Cotonou, Benin e-mail: [email protected] V. P. Singh CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India Present Address: V. P. Singh Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, New Delhi 110025, India
wastes or automobiles exhaust gas. Significant (P \ 0.05) positive relationships were found between the concentration of Cu, Cr, Pb, and Cd in milk and in the environmental samples (water or forage). Exposure assessment showed that milk consumers were mostly exposed to Zn, Cd, and Pb, with 63.7%, 51.2%, and 41.2% of children exposed to a dose greater than the references dose for these metals, respectively. Our results suggest that industrial activities lead to possible transfer of heavy metals to cows from their rearing environment (water, plant), which can be accumulated and cause potential health risks to milk consumers. The outcome of this study can be used by policy makers to manage the potential health risk. Keywords Food safety Risk assessment Chemical hazards Monte Carlo simulations
Introduction The rapid urbanization and mechanization in the past decade in India led to heavy metals pollution from industries in the country (Gupta et al. 2015; Javed et al. 2016; Patel et al. 2018). The industrial waste was reported to have higher heavy metal contents than the domestic waste (Khan et al. 2013). The major water polluting industries are textile, chemical, leather, pulp, paper, and tanneries (Kumar et al. 2012; Sherene 2012). Pollutants from these industries threaten farm
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Environ Geochem Health
productivity (crops and animals) as well as humans due to contamination of groundwater (Sundar et al. 2011). Heavy metals namely arsenic
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