Herbicide Resistance in Phalaris minor and Genetic Medication in Crop
Introduction of dwarf wheat varieties through revolutionized wheat production had made India the second largest wheat grower in the world, but these varieties could not cope up with the weeds. Weed problem has been continuously increasing along with devel
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Abstract
Introduction of dwarf wheat varieties through revolutionized wheat production had made India the second largest wheat grower in the world, but these varieties could not cope up with the weeds. Weed problem has been continuously increasing along with development of high-yielding cultivars, which require more fertilizers and irrigation for their growth and development. The major weed growing in wheat fields is Phalaris minor, and it is being controlled since 1982, by using a single herbicide, isoproturon. Continuous application of single herbicide exerted a selection pressure, and it had been noticed that this weed has developed resistance against isoproturon. The problem of resistance is increasing, leading to development of resistance day by day. Currently it has become a very serious problem in some parts of Haryana and Punjab and has also been observed in the Terai region of Uttaranchal. Keywords
Herbicide Isoproturon P. minor PSII Cytochrome D1 protein
Phalaris minor as a Weed of Wheat Little seed canary grass (Phalaris minor Ritz.) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. A few years ago, it was a minor weed but with the M.K. Tripathi (*) Agro Produce Processing Division, CIAE, ICAR (Govt of India), NabiBagh, Baresia Road, Bhopal, MP 462038, India e-mail: [email protected] A.K. Gaur Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, U.S. Nagar, Pantnagar, UK, India
adoption of rice-wheat cropping system, which provided favorable environment for the seed production of this weed, it has become a major weed of the wheat crop. Due to its similarity to wheat, it is detected only at the time of reverence of ear head in wheat crops.
Origin and Distribution At present, 22 species of Phalaris are native to the Mediterranean, including Phalaris minor Retz. and four other in Southern and Western USA. P. minor was reported to be a major weed
R.K. Gaur and P. Sharma (eds.), Approaches to Plant Stress and their Management, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1620-9_5, # Springer India 2014
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in Latin America and probably reached India through the import of Mexican wheat, and it was recognized to be problematic in 1970s (Bhan and Chaudhary 1976). Surveys of wheat crops in the states of Punjab (Bir and Sidhu 1979) and Haryana (Malik et al. 1985; Singh et al. 1995a) established P. minor as the most dominant weed of wheat in northwest India. P. minor is widely distributed in all the continents of world.
Taxonomy and Morphology P. minor is self-pollinated (2n ΒΌ 28, rarely 29) with C-3 photosynthetic pathway, similar to wheat. Morphologically, P. minor is similar to wheat until the flowering stage. There are, however, significant differences in the leaf characteristics and growth habits between wheat and P. minor. Both tillering and branching occur in P. minor, whereas wheat has no branching habit. P. minor has a purplish pigmentation at the base of the stem and internodes; leaves are narrow and dropping and a purplish orange sap oozes out when t
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