Hexabromocyclododecane in riverine and estuarine sediments from Osaka, Japan: spatial distribution and concentration var
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Hexabromocyclododecane in riverine and estuarine sediments from Osaka, Japan: spatial distribution and concentration variability within identical samples Makiko Ichihara 1
&
Atsushi Yamamoto 2 & Naoya Kakutani 3 & Kunihiro Funasaka 1 & Miki Sudo 4
Received: 12 March 2020 / Accepted: 22 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in riverine and estuarine sediments was investigated in Osaka, Japan. The mean total HBCD concentration detected in sediments ranged from < 0.50 to 130 ng g−1 dry weight. This exceeded the ubiquitous HBCD contamination level found globally but was lower than that in areas affected by point sources, such as textile industries and expanded polystyrene plants. Sewage effluent was one of the suspected point sources of HBCD in the study area. The HBCD concentrations in sediments were highly dependent on certain factors, such as the location of the sampling site (proximity to possible emission sources), sediment properties (silt or sand), and organic substance content. The range of the diastereomer composition of α- and γ-HBCD was wider than that in other studies. Repeatability tests (n = 3) were conducted for all samples to assess the variability in the HBCD concentrations within identical sediment samples. Some variations were observed in the HBCD concentrations and diastereomer compositions within the repeatability test results at some sampling sites; nevertheless, the same samples were extracted and analyzed in triplicate. The bromine contents of the extracts of these samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence, and the results agreed well with those estimated from the LC-MS/MS results. From these results, it was confirmed that several sediment samples contained heterogeneously distributed HBCD. The risk characterization ratios (predicted environmental concentration/predicted no-effect concentration) of sites with high HBCD concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 1; thus, further information is required, and the sediment HBCD levels in this region should be continuously studied. Keywords Hexabromocyclododecane . Surface sediment . Sewage treatment plant . Repeatability test . Variability . Risk characterization ratio
Responsible editor: Ester Heath Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09856-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Makiko Ichihara [email protected] 1
Osaka City Research Center of Environmental Science, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
2
Faculty of Environmental Studies, Tottori University of Environmental Studies, 1-1-1 Wakabadai-kita, Tottori, Tottori 689-1111, Japan
3
Osaka Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
4
Department of Biological Resources Management, School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
Introduction Hexabro
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