High-Performance Adsorption of 4-Nitrophenol onto Calix[6]arene-Tethered Silica from Aqueous Solutions
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High‑Performance Adsorption of 4‑Nitrophenol onto Calix[6] arene‑Tethered Silica from Aqueous Solutions Murat Dogan1 · Farabi Temel2 · Mustafa Tabakci2 Received: 20 March 2020 / Accepted: 29 April 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The polymeric calix[6]arene-tethered silica (C[6]TS) was prepared by the tethering of p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene onto 3-glycidoxypropyl-bonded stationary phase. The structural and composition analysis of the C[6]TS was performed by FTIR, XRD, TGA, and SEM techniques. C[6]TS was used as an adsorbent for the removal of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) from aqueous solutions. Initial adsorption experiments demonstrated that C[6]TS showed outstanding performance for the removal of 4-NP. So it exhibited rapid and effective adsorption with a %83 yield within ten minutes. Subsequently, some adsorption criteria such as pH, initial concentration, contact time, sorbent dosage, and temperature were evaluated in detail. Thus, adsorption phenomena of 4-NP onto C[6]TS were clarified in this way. Keywords Phenol removal · Organic pollutants · Adsorption · Calixarene · Silica support
1 Introduction Nitro compounds which have a nitro group (–O–N = O) are a member of the chemical compounds. They are highly harmful organic pollutants for humans, the environment, and aquatic life due to their high chemical toxicities and severe degradations. Among nitro compounds, nitrophenols are classified as carcinogenic and pollutants due to their accumulation abilities in the human body [1]. One of the nitrophenol compounds is 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), which is widely used in petrochemical manufacturing, oil refining, plastics, paints, and pharmaceuticals [2]. Removal of nitrophenol pollutants is a considerable complicated process. For this purpose, it has been used and developed many techniques such as extraction, adsorption, degradation, reduction, Fentonoxidation, electrophoresis [2–11]. Among these techniques, the adsorption process has been widely used due to its simplicity, economically, and excellent performance about the removal of 4-NP pollutants.
* Mustafa Tabakci [email protected] 1
Graduate School of Nature and Applied Science, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42140, Turkey
Department of Chemical Engineering, Konya Technical University, Konya 42130, Turkey
2
Among synthetic supramolecular compounds, calixarenes are one of the wide used classes along with the cyclodextrins and the crown ethers for many applications. Under the basic conditions, they can be obtained synthetically available in a large amount by condensation of p-tert-butylphenol with formaldehyde [12]. In the literature, they are known as complexing agent with ions, organic molecules [13]. They are widely used as promising materials for the removal of organic pollutants by adsorption techniques due to their molecular interaction abilities [14–18] as well as gas sensing [19–21] and bio-sensing applications [22–26]. In our previous work [27], p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene, and its analog with two meth
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