Highly sensitive refractive index sensor optimized for blood group sensing utilizing the Fano resonance
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Highly sensitive refractive index sensor optimized for blood group sensing utilizing the Fano resonance Rakibul Hasan Sagor1 · Md. Farhad Hassan1 · Ahmad Azuad Yaseer1 · Ehsanuzzaman Surid1 · Md. Istiac Ahmed1 Received: 3 September 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2020
Abstract A metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide coupled with two unequal vertical rectangular cavities optimized for high sensitivity is proposed in this study. Due to the interaction of the continuum and the discrete state in the waveguide mode, a Fano like profile is obtained in the transmission spectra, the shift of which is utilized to identify the material under sensing. In order to guarantee the maximum device performance, an optimization technique is imposed on the structural parameters, resulting in a maximum sensitivity of 2625.87 nm/RIU and figure of merit (FOM) of 26.04. The sensor has been exploited to determine the human blood group by using the refractive index model proposed for different blood groups A, B, and O. Furthermore, this structure can also be used as a temperature sensor with the temperature sensitivity of −1.04 nm∕◦ C . The excellent performance along with the blood sensing and temperature sensing capabilities of the device paves the way toward refractive index sensors that have not only been utilized in microchip processors but also a wide range of biomedical applications. Keywords Surface plasmon polariton · Refractive index sensor · Fano resonance · Optimization · Temperature sensor · Blood group detector
Introduction Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) is a group of electrons that propagate along the metal–insulator interface which are excited on the surface of metal coupled with photons. The SPP energy is an exponential decay function in the perpendicular direction to the metal–insulator interface (Barnes et al. 2003; Zayats et al. 2005). Hence the traditional diffraction limit in optics is overcome due to the rigid attachment of SPP to metal–insulator interface (Yin et al. 2012; Zafar and Salim 2015; Zhang et al. 2013). In recent years due to the extensive research investigations in SPP, the realization of various photonic devices like biological and chemical sensors (Mohammad and Behnam 2018; Hassan et al. 2020a), filters (Xiao et al. 2006; Lin and Huang 2008), SPP lithography (Yue 2012) and all-optical switches (Lu et al. 2011) have been possible. An interesting phenomenon of SPP is Fano resonance, found in a variety of plasmonic structures * Md. Farhad Hassan farhadhassan@iut‑dhaka.edu 1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Islamic University of Technology, Gazipur 1704, Bangladesh
which is beyond the area of atomic physics. (Fano 1961; Luk’Yanchuk et al. 2010). Hence researchers are very interested in using metal-insulator-metal (MIM) based Waveguide structures utilizing Fano resonance because of the advantages of high integration, deep subwavelength light containment, and fast manufacture (Wen et al. 2014a, b; Liu et al. 201
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