Hormesis A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine
Hormesis is defined as any circumstance in which exposure of a cell or organism to a low dose of a substance or condition results in an adaptive stimulatory/beneficial outcome, while exposure to a high dose results in an inhibitory / detrimental outcome.
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Hormesis A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine
Hormesis
Mark P. Mattson · Edward J. Calabrese Editors
Hormesis A Revolution in Biology, Toxicology and Medicine
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Editors Mark P. Mattson Laboratory of Neurosciences GRC 4F01 National Institute on Aging 5600 Nathan Shock Drive Baltimore, MD 21224 USA [email protected]
Edward J. Calabrese Department of Environmental Health Sciences University of Massachusetts Northeast Regional Environmental Public N344 Morrill Science Center Amherst, MA 01003-5712 USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-60761-494-4 e-ISBN 978-1-60761-495-1 DOI 10.1007/978-1-60761-495-1 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938828 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The term hormesis is defined as “a process in which exposure to a low dose of a chemical agent or environmental factor that is damaging at higher doses induces an adaptive beneficial effect on the cell or organism” (Calabrese et al., 2007; Mattson, 2008). To survive and reproduce in harsh competitive environments, organisms and their cellular components have, through evolution, developed molecular mechanisms to respond adaptively to various hazards or “stressors” that they encounter. Examples of such stressors include chemicals ingested in food and water (metals, phytochemicals, etc.), increased energy expenditure (running, fighting, cognitive challenges, etc.), and reduced energy availability (food scarcity), among others. In most cases, the response of the cell or organism to the stressor exhibits a biphasic dose response, with beneficial/adaptive responses at low doses (improved function, increased resistance to damage and disease) and adverse/destructive effects (dysfunction, molecular damage, or even death) at high doses. The prevalence of the biphasic (hormetic) dose response characteri
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