How foot-and-mouth disease virus receptor mediates foot-and-mouth disease virus infection
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How foot-and-mouth disease virus receptor mediates foot-and-mouth disease virus infection Guangxiang Wang1,4, Yanhua Wang1,4, Youjun Shang2,3, Zhidong Zhang2,4* and Xiangtao Liu2,4*
Abstract This study reviews the FMDV receptor-binding domain, integrin receptors, and heparan sulfate receptors to provide references for studies regarding the mechanisms underlying FMDV infection. Keywords: Foot-and-mouth disease virus, Receptor, Infection
Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and fulminating infectious disease in mammals. Although its mortality in adult animals is not high, its mortality in young animals is relatively high. After infection, the morbidity in animals reaches almost 100%. FMD is listed as the number one infectious disease by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) in France [1]. Foot-andmouth disease virus (FMDV) belongs to the family Picornaviridae, which has 7 serotypes (O, A, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia I) and many subtypes [2]. FMDV infects many cloven-hoofed animals and causes serious economic, political, and social problems [3]. Currently, no effective drug for treating FMD; thus, its danger is obvious [4,5]. Host cell adsorption is a prerequisite for FMDV to infect cells. This adsorption process depends on host cell receptors. Viruses initiate the infection process through binding to specific receptors on the cell surface of susceptible host cells. Host tissues and specific cell surface receptors determine the invasion routes and dissemination methods of viruses as well as the pathogenic features of hosts [6]. Studies regarding the FMDV ligand and cell receptors help to not only understand FMDV cell receptors but also to elucidate the infection routes, replication process, pathogenesis, and host tropism of FMDV, providing scientific bases for the prevention,
* Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou 730046, China 4 Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
control, and treatment of FMD. This article reviews the progress of studies regarding the FMDV receptorbinding domain (ligand) and its receptors to provide references for studying mechanisms underlying FMDV infection and for the prevention and treatment of this disease.
Review FMDV receptor-binding domain (ligand) and FMDV infection
The genome of FMDV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA, which serves as both mRNA and the template for negative-stranded RNA. The genome of FMDV is composed of approximately 8,500 nucleotides (nt) and has the following 3 components: a 5′-untranslated region (5′UTR), an open reading fragment (ORF), and a 3′-UTR. The ORF encodes a polyprotein that forms the following 4 fragments after the primary cleavage: the L fragment, the P1/2A fragment, the P2BC fragment, and the P3 fragment. After the secondary cleavage and the maturation cleavage, 4 struct
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